02/09/1862: McClellan ???????c kh??i ph???c to??n quy???n ch??? huy

Ngu???n: McClellan is restored to full command, History.com

Bi??n d???ch: L?? H???ng Loan

V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1862, T???ng th???ng Abraham Lincoln ???? ph???i mi???n c?????ng kh??i ph???c to??n quy???n ch??? huy cho T?????ng George B. McClellan c???a Li??n minh mi???n B???c sau th???t b???i th???m h???a c???a T?????ng John Pope trong Tr???n Bull Run th??? hai t???i Virginia v??o ng??y 29 v?? 30 th??ng 08. McClellan, ch??? huy c???a Qu??n ??o??n Potomac, ???? ph???i ch???ng ki???n ph???n l???n ?????i qu??n c???a ??ng b??? ??i???u chuy???n ?????n Qu??n ??o??n Virginia c???a Pope sau th???t b???i c???a ??ng trong vi???c chi???m ????ng Richmond, Virginia, trong Tr???n chi???n B???y ng??y v??o th??ng 06 n??m 1862.

Pope, ng?????i ???? c?? c?? h???i ????? ch???ng minh kh??? n??ng l??nh ?????o c???a m??nh trong Tr???n Bull Run th??? hai ch???ng l???i T?????ng Robert E. Lee c???a H???p bang mi???n Nam, ???? th???t b???i th???m h???i v?? ph???i r??t lui v??? Washington, DC. ??ng ???? kh??ng nh???n ???????c b???t k??? s??? gi??p ????? n??o t??? McClellan, ng?????i ????ng qu??n g???n ???? t???i Alexandria, Virginia, v?? t??? ch???i t???i ti???p vi???n cho Pope. Sau m???t m??a h?? th???t b???i, c??c l???c l?????ng c???a Li??n minh mi???n B???c ??? ph??a ????ng l??m v??o t??nh tr???ng r???t c???n l??n gi??y c??t tinh th???n.

M???c d?? McClellan ch???u tr??ch nhi???m m???t  ph???n cho nh???ng t???n th???t n??y, Lincoln c???m th???y ??ng l?? v??? t?????ng t???t nh???t hi???n c?? ????? v???c d???y tinh th???n ??ang ch??ng xu???ng c???a nh???ng ng?????i l??nh m???c qu??n ph???c xanh. V??? t???ng th???ng c??ng nh???n t??i n??ng c???a McClellan trong vi???c chu???n b??? tinh th???n chi???n ?????u cho qu??n ?????i ngay c??? khi ??ng ???? ch???ng t??? l?? m???t v??? ch??? huy k??m tr??n chi???n tr?????ng. Lincoln ???? vi???t cho th?? k?? c???a m??nh, John Hay, r???ng: ???Ch??ng ta ph???i s??? d???ng c??c c??ng c??? m?? ch??ng ta c??. Kh??ng c?? b???t c??? ai trong Qu??n ?????i c?? th??? ??i???u ?????ng qu??n l??nh cho c??c c??ng s??? v?? ????a ?????i qu??n n??y v??o h??ng ng?? gi???i nh?? ??ng ta. D?? ??ng ta kh??ng th??? t??? m??nh chi???n ?????u, ??ng ta l???i xu???t s???c trong vi???c khi???n nh???ng ng?????i kh??c s???n s??ng chi???n ?????u.???

Li??n minh mi???n B???c kh??ng c?? nhi???u th???i gian ????? l??ng ph?? sau Tr???n Bull Run th??? hai. Qu??n ?????i c???a t?????ng Lee ???? ???n n??u c??ch Washington ch??? 25 d???m, v?? ???? c??? g???ng ????? c???t ?????t c??c ?????t r??t lui c???a qu??n ?????i Li??n minh mi???n B???c t???i Chantilly, Virginia, v??o ng??y 01 th??ng 09. Ngay c??? khi Lincoln kh??i ph???c quy???n ch??? huy cho McClellan, qu??n ?????i H???p bang mi???n Nam ???? b???t ?????u di chuy???n v??? ph??a b???c. McClellan ???? nhanh ch??ng l??n ???????ng ????? truy ??u???i qu??n ?????i c???a t?????ng Lee.
 

Alexander ?????i ????? ??? nh?? thi??n t??i qu??n s???

Ngu???n: Historic figures, BBC (truy c???p ng??y 5/4/2015)

Bi??n d???ch & Hi???u ????nh: Ph???m H???ng Anh

Alexander ????? tam c???a V????ng qu???c Macedonia (356-323 TCN), ???????c bi???t ?????n nhi???u h??n v???i t??n g???i Alexander ?????i ?????, ???? m???t tay thay ?????i c??? b???n ch???t c???a th??? gi???i c??? ?????i ch??? trong v??ng h??n m???t th???p ni??n.

Alexander sinh ra ??? Pella, th??? ???? c??? ?????i c???a Macedonia v??o th??ng 7 n??m 356 tr?????c C??ng nguy??n (TCN). ??ng l?? con c???a Vua Philip ????? nh??? c???a Macedonia v?? c??ng ch??a Olympias x??? Ipiros. Alexander l???n l??n d?????i s??? d???y d??? c???a nh?? tri???t h???c Aristotle. N??m 336 TCN, vua Philip b??? ??m s??t v?? Alexander k??? th???a m???t v????ng qu???c h??ng m???nh nh??ng ?????y b???t ???n. ??ng nhanh ch??ng gi???i quy???t h???t k??? th?? ??? trong n?????c v?? x??c l???p l???i quy???n l???c c???a ng?????i Macedonia t???i Hy L???p. Sau ???? ??ng l??n ???????ng chinh ph???t ????? ch??? Ba T?? kh???ng l???.

V?????t qua m???i tr??? ng???i kh?? kh??n, Alexander ???? d???n d???t qu??n ?????i c???a m??nh t???i nh???ng chi???n th???ng tr??n kh???p l??nh th??? c???a ng?????i Ba T?? t???i b??n ?????o Ti???u ??, Syria v?? Ai C???p m?? kh??ng m???t l???n ph???i n???m tr???i m??i chi???n b???i. Chi???n th???ng v?? ?????i nh???t c???a ??ng l?? Tr???n chi???n Gaugamela[1] (n??m 331 TCN), n??i hi???n nay l?? mi???n b???c Iraq. V??? vua tr??? c???a Macedonia, ng?????i tr??? v?? Hy L???p, ch??a t??? b??n ?????o Ti???u ?? v?? v??? pharaoh c???a Ai C???p ???? tr??? th??nh ???ho??ng ????? v?? ?????i??? c???a Ba T?? ??? tu???i 25.

Trong t??m n??m ti???p theo, tr??n c????ng v??? m???t ho??ng ?????, ki??m ch??? huy qu??n s???, ch??nh tr??? gia, h???c gi??? v?? ng?????i th??m hi???m, Alexander ???? ????a ?????i qu??n c???a m??nh ??i xa th??m 11.000 d???m (kho???ng 18.000 kilomet), l???p n??n 70 th??nh ph??? v?? t???o d???ng m???t ????? ch??? tr???i kh???p ba l???c ?????a v?? bao ph??? kho???ng hai tri???u d???m vu??ng (t????ng ??????ng h??n n??m tri???u kilomet vu??ng). B???t ?????u t??? Hy L???p ??? ph??a t??y, cho t???i s??ng Danube ??? ph??a b???c, Ai C???p ??? ph??a nam, v?? tr???i d??i theo ph??a ????ng cho t???i v??ng Punjab c???a ???n ?????, to??n b??? khu v???c n??y ???????c k???t n???i trong m???t m???ng l?????i th????ng m???i v?? bu??n b??n qu???c t??? r???ng l???n. M???ng l?????i n??y ???????c th???ng nh???t b???i ng??n ng??? v?? v??n h??a Hy L???p, trong khi b???n th??n v??? ho??ng ????? l???i ti???p nh???n v?? ??p d???ng nh???ng phong t???c ngo???i lai ????? cai tr??? h??ng tri???u th???n d??n ??a s???c t???c.

Alexander ???????c ghi nh???n l?? m???t thi??n t??i qu??n s???, ng?????i lu??n lu??n d???n ?????u n??u g????ng, d???u r???ng ni???m tin v??o s???c m???nh v?? ?????ch thi??n h??? c???a ??ng ?????ng ngh??a v???i vi???c v??? vua n??y ????i khi t??? ra khinh su???t v???i ch??nh t??nh m???ng c???a m??nh v?? qu??n l??nh. Trong su???t 13 n??m Alexander cai tr??? v???i nh???ng cu???c chi???n li??n mi??n, qu??n ?????i c???a ??ng m???i ch??? m???t l???n duy nh???t t??? ch???i theo ch??n ??ng ra tr???n m???c, th??? hi???n l??ng trung th??nh do ch??nh ??ng hun ????c.

Alexander qua ?????i sau m???t c??n s???t cao t???i Babylon v??o th??ng 6 n??m 323 TCN (??? tu???i 33).

??????????????????????????????-

[1] Tr???n Gaugamela (hay c??n g???i l?? tr???n Arbela) di???n ra v??o ng??y 1 th??ng 10 n??m 331 TCN gi???a Alexander ?????i ????? c???a Macedonia v?? Darius ????? tam nh?? Achaemenes. ????y l?? tr???n ????nh l???n nh???t trong cu???c chi???n chinh ph???c ????? qu???c Ba T?? c???a Alexander ?????i ?????, v?? c??ng l?? m???t tr???n ????nh ti??u bi???u cho t??i ngh??? qu??n s??? c???a ??ng v?? ?????o qu??n thi???n chi???n c???a m??nh. ?????ng th???i, tr???n chi???n c??ng l?? cu???c ????? s???c n???y l???a cu???i c??ng quy???t ?????nh s??? s???p ????? c???a ????? qu???c Ba T?? d?????i tri???u Achaemenes. S??? gia Edward Creasy ???? x???p tr???n Gaugamela v??o danh s??ch 15 tr???n chi???n c?? ?? ngh??a quan tr???ng nh???t trong l???ch s???. [ND]