Qu???c gia n??o s??? h???u H??nh lang T??y B???c?

??o s??? h???u H??nh lang T??y B???c?

Ngu???n: Who owns the Northwest Passage?, The Economist, 22/05/2019

Bi??n d???ch: L?? H???ng Loan | Bi??n t???p: L?? H???ng Hi???p

B??? tr?????ng Ngo???i giao Hoa K??? Mike Pompeo ???? l??m Canada n??ng m???t h???i ?????u th??ng n??y khi ??ng n??i trong m???t b??i ph??t bi???u t???i Ph???n Lan r???ng y??u s??ch c???a Canada ?????i v???i H??nh lang T??y B???c (Northwest Passage) l?? ???b???t h???p ph??p???. ??ng ???? c?? m???t ??? ???? ????? tham d??? phi??n h???p c???a H???i ?????ng B???c C???c, m???t c?? quan ???????c th??nh l???p b???i t??m qu???c gia xung quanh B???c B??ng D????ng ????? gi???i quy???t nh???ng b???t ?????ng v?? tranh ch???p li??n quan ?????n khu v???c ?????a c???c n??y. Nh??ng n???u Canada kh??ng s??? h???u H??nh lang T??y B???c (xem b???n ?????), v???y th?? l?? qu???c gia n??o?

Trong nhi???u th??? k???, vi???c t??m ra m???t tuy???n ???????ng xuy??n qua 36.000 h??n ?????o h??nh th??nh n??n qu???n ?????o B???c C???c c???a Canada l?? m???t gi???c m?? cho nh???ng nh?? th??m hi???m ?????y tham v???ng mu???n ??i thuy???n t??? ?????i T??y D????ng ?????n Th??i B??nh D????ng. Sir John Franklin, m???t s?? quan h???i qu??n Anh, n???i ti???ng v?? ???? thi???t m???ng v??o n??m 1847 khi ??ang t??m ki???m m???t l???i ??i kh??ng b??? ????ng b??ng (m???t minh h???a v??? c???nh t?????ng n??y ???????c m?? t??? trong h??nh v??? ??? tr??n).

Roald Amundsen, m???t nh?? th??m hi???m ng?????i Na Uy, ???? ho??n th??nh chuy???n ??i th??nh c??ng ?????u ti??n qua h??nh lang n??y v??o n??m 1906. K??? t??? ????, s??? n??ng l??n to??n c???u ???? l??m gi???m ????? bao ph??? c???a b??ng v??o cu???i m??a h?? v?? ?????u m??a thu h??n 30% k??? t??? n??m 1979, cho ph??p nhi???u t??u h??n ho???t ?????ng ??? ph??a b???c. Ch??? c?? m???t v??i chuy???n ??i qua B???c C???c ???????c th???c hi???n m???i n??m, ch??? y???u ??? ph??a Nga c???a B???c B??ng D????ng, n??i c?? ??t b??ng h??n. Tr??n H??ng lang T??y B???c, ???? c?? 289 chuy???n ??i ???????c th???c hi???n k??? t??? n??m 1906, 32 trong s??? ???? l?? v??o n??m 2017.

Hoa K??? t??? l??u ???? tuy??n b??? r???ng H??nh lang T??y B???c, v???i b???y tuy???n ???????ng kh??c nhau, l?? m???t eo bi???n qu???c t??? n??i m?? c??c t??u th????ng m???i v?? qu??n s??? c???a h??? c?? quy???n ??i qua m?? kh??ng c???n xin ph??p Canada. Hoa K??? ????a ra y??u s??ch n??y tr??n c?? s??? v??? x??t x??? li??n quan ?????n K??nh Sala, ng??n c??ch b??? bi???n Albania v???i ?????o Corfu c???a Hy L???p, v???n ???? ???????c ????a ra tr?????c T??a ??n C??ng l?? Qu???c t??? n??m 1947. T??a ph??n quy???t r???ng Albania kh??ng th??? tuy??n b??? k??nh n??y thu???c l??nh h???i c???a m??nh v?? n?? l?? m???t tuy???n ???????ng qu???c t??? d??nh cho t??u thuy???n ??i l???i gi???a hai khu v???c c???a bi???n c??? m?? kh??ng qu???c gia n??o c?? quy???n y??u s??ch.

Nh???ng tranh ch???p t????ng t??? c??ng t???n t???i ?????i v???i eo bi???n Hormuz gi???a Iran v?? Oman; eo bi???n Bab al-Mandab gi???a Yemen v?? Djibouti; v?? ??? c??c v??ng bi???n c???a Bi???n ????ng. Canada ???? ch??nh th???c mua l???i qu???n ?????o n??y c??ng v???i c??c t??i s???n c??n l???i c???a Anh ??? B???c M??? v??o n??m 1880, v?? ???? tuy??n b??? ch??? quy???n ?????i v???i h??nh lang n??y v?? t???t c??? c??c tuy???n ???????ng bi???n ??? ????y ?????u ch???y xuy??n qua c??c ?????o thu???c l??nh th??? Canada. Nh??ng qu???c gia n??y ch??a bao gi??? t??m c??ch gi???i quy???t c??u h???i n??y tr?????c t??a.

Canada v?? Hoa K??? ???? d??n x???p b???t ?????ng c???a h??? v??o n??m 1988 v???i m???t gi???i ph??p ch??nh tr??? thay v?? ph??p l??, ???????c g???i l?? Th???a thu???n H???p t??c B???c C???c Canada-Hoa K???. Hoa K??? cho bi???t h??? s??? t??m ki???m s??? ?????ng thu???n t??? Canada cho b???t k??? h??nh tr??nh qu?? c???nh n??o, nh??ng v???n cho r???ng ??i???u n??y kh??ng c?? ngh??a l?? qu???c gia n??y ?????ng ?? v???i l???p tr?????ng c???a Canada.

B??nh lu???n g???n ????y c???a ??ng Pompey ng??? ?? r???ng, v???i vi???c B???c C???c m??? c???a cho ho???t ?????ng v???n t???i bi???n nhi???u h??n, n?????c M??? kh??ng c??n h??i l??ng v???i th???a thu???n n??y. T??u ch??? h??ng c?? th??? c???t gi???m nhi???u ng??y, n???u kh??ng ph???i l?? nhi???u tu???n, cho m???t s??? h??nh tr??nh nh???t ?????nh n???u s??? d???ng H??nh lang T??y B???c.

V??o n??m 2014, t??u Nunavik m???t 26 ng??y ????? ch??? niken t??? Quebec ?????n Trung Qu???c, so v???i chuy???n ??i tr?????c ???? qua K??nh ????o Panama k??o d??i 41 ng??y. Nh??ng tranh ch???p n??y, c??ng nh?? b??ng ??? B???c C???c, c?? th??? ch??? mang t??nh nh???t th???i. C??c nh?? khoa h???c hi???n ??ang suy ??o??n r???ng to??n b??? B???c B??ng D????ng s??? kh??ng c??n b??ng v??o m??a h?? trong v??i th???p ni??n t???i. ??i???u ???? c?? ngh??a l?? c??c ch??? t??u s??? kh??ng ph???i xin ph??p b???t k??? ai n???u h??? ch???n tuy???n ???????ng ??i qua v??ng bi???n c??? ch??a ???????c tuy??n b??? ch??? quy???n ??? v??ng c???c c???a th??? gi???i n??y.
Nghi??n c???u Qu???c t??? g???i b???n b??o.
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