08/07/1951: Paris k??? ni???m 2000 n??m th??nh l???p

Thứ tư - 10/07/2019 09:40

V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1951, Paris, th??? ???? c???a n?????c Ph??p, k??? ni???m 2.000 n??m tu???i. Tr??n th???c t???, n???u t??nh m???t c??ch ch??nh x??c h??n th?? s??? c???n c?? th??m m???t v??i ng???n n???n n???a tr??n chi???c b??nh sinh nh???t, v?? Th??nh ph??? ??nh s??ng r???t c?? th??? ???????c th??nh l???p v??o kho???ng n??m 250 tr?????c C??ng nguy??n.

08/07/1951: Paris k??? ni???m 2000 n??m th??nh l???p
Ngu???n: Paris celebrates 2,000th birthday, History.com
Bi??n d???ch: L?? H???ng Loan
V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1951, Paris, th??? ???? c???a n?????c Ph??p, k??? ni???m 2.000 n??m tu???i. Tr??n th???c t???, n???u t??nh m???t c??ch ch??nh x??c h??n th?? s??? c???n c?? th??m m???t v??i ng???n n???n n???a tr??n chi???c b??nh sinh nh???t, v?? Th??nh ph??? ??nh s??ng r???t c?? th??? ???????c th??nh l???p v??o kho???ng n??m 250 tr?????c C??ng nguy??n.
L???ch s??? c???a Paris c?? th??? ???????c b???t ngu???n t??? m???t b??? l???c Gallic ???????c bi???t ?????n v???i t??n g???i Parisii, nh???ng ng?????i v??o kho???ng n??m 250 tr?????c C??ng nguy??n ???? ?????nh c?? tr??n m???t h??n ?????o (ng??y nay g???i l?? Ile de la Cite) tr??n s??ng Seine, ch???y qua Paris ng??y nay.
?????n n??m 52 tr?????c C??ng nguy??n, Julius Caesar v?? ng?????i La M?? ???? chi???m l???y khu v???c n??y, n??i sau ???? tr??? th??nh khu v???c theo ?????o C?? ?????c v?? ???????c g???i l?? Lutetia, ti???ng Latin ngh??a l?? ???khu nh?? gi???a m???t n?????c???. Khu v???c d??n c?? n??y sau ???? m??? r???ng sang c??? b??? tr??i v?? ph???i c???a s??ng Seine v?? c??i t??n Lutetia ???? ???????c thay th??? b???i Paris. N??m 987 sau C??ng nguy??n, Paris tr??? th??nh th??? ???? n?????c Ph??p. Khi th??nh ph??? ng??y c??ng ph??t tri???n, khu t??? ng???n tr??? n??n n???i ti???ng l?? khu v???c c???a gi???i tr?? th???c trong khi khu h???u ng???n ???????c bi???t ?????n l?? khu v???c kinh doanh.
Trong th???i k??? Ph???c h??ng c???a Ph??p, t??? cu???i th??? k??? 15 ?????n ?????u th??? k??? 17, Paris ???? tr??? th??nh m???t trung t??m ngh??? thu???t, ki???n ??????tr??c v?? khoa h???c. V??o gi???a nh???ng n??m 1800, Napoleon III ???? thu?? ki???n tr??c s?? quy ho???ch ???? th??? Georges-Eugene Hausmann ????? hi???n ?????i h??a Paris. C??c thi???t k??? c???a Hausmann ???? mang ?????n cho th??nh ph??? nh???ng ?????i l??? r???ng r???p b??ng c??y, nh???ng c??ng vi??n l???n, m???t h??? th???ng tho??t n?????c m???i v?? c??c d??? ??n c??ng tr??nh c??ng c???ng kh??c. Th??nh ph??? ti???p t???c ph??t tri???n nh?? m???t trung t??m quan tr???ng cho ngh??? thu???t v?? v??n h??a. V??o nh???ng n??m 1860, m???t phong tr??o ngh??? thu???t v???i t??n g???i Tr?????ng ph??i ???n t?????ng Ph??p ???? xu???t hi???n, v???i t??c ph???m c???a m???t nh??m c??c ngh??? s?? sinh s???ng t???i Paris bao g???m Claude Monet v?? Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
Ng??y nay, Paris l?? n??i sinh s???ng c???a kho???ng 2 tri???u c?? d??n, c???ng th??m 10 tri???u ng?????i s???ng ??? khu v???c ???? th??? xung quanh. Th??nh ph??? v???n gi??? ???????c danh ti???ng l?? m???t trung t??m ???m th???c, th???i trang, th????ng m???i v?? v??n h??a. Paris c??ng ti???p t???c l?? m???t trong nh???ng ??i???m ?????n du l???ch ???????c y??u th??ch nh???t th??? gi???i, n???i ti???ng v???i c??c th???ng c???nh nh?? Th??p Eiffel (???????c x??y d???ng v??o n??m 1889 ????? k??? ni???m 100 n??m C??ch m???ng Ph??p), Kh???i Ho??n M??n, ?????i l??? Champs-Elysees, Nh?? th??? ?????c B?? (???????c x??y d???ng v??o n??m 1163), V?????n Luxembourg v?? B???o t??ng Louvre, n??i l??u gi??? b???c tranh ???Mona Lisa??? c???a Leonardo da Vinci.

10/07/1925: ???Phi??n t??a Kh?????? b???t ?????u
Ngu???n: Monkey Trial begins, History.com
Bi??n d???ch: L?? H???ng Loan
V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1925, t???i Dayton, Tennessee, ???Phi??n t??a Kh?????? ???? b???t ?????u v???i vi???c John Thomas Scopes, m???t gi??o vi??n khoa h???c trung h???c tr??? tu???i, b??? bu???c t???i vi ph???m lu???t ti???u bang Tennessee v?? ???? gi???ng d???y v??? thuy???t ti???n h??a.
?????o lu???t n??y, ???????c th??ng qua v??o th??ng 03 n??m ????, ???? bi???n vi???c ???d???y b???t k??? l?? thuy???t n??o ph??? nh???n c??u chuy???n v??? ?????ng s??ng th??? thi??ng li??ng t???o ra con ng?????i nh?? ???????c d???y trong Kinh th??nh, v?? thay v??o ???? d???y r???ng con ng?????i c?? xu???t th??n t??? c??c ?????ng v???t c???p th???p h??n??? l?? m???t khinh t???i c?? th??? b??? ph???t ti???n. C??ng v???i v??? doanh nh??n ?????a ph????ng George Rappalyea, Scopes ???? l??n k??? ho???ch ????? b??? bu???c t???i v?? vi ph???m n??y, v?? sau khi Scopes b??? b???t, h??? ???? tranh th??? s??? h??? tr??? c???a Li??n ??o??n T??? do D??n quy???n Hoa K??? (ACLU) ????? t??? ch???c vi???c bi???n h???.
Khi nghe tin v??? cu???c t???n c??ng ph???i h???p n??y v??o phong tr??o Kit?? gi??o ch??nh th???ng, William Jennings Bryan, ng?????i ba l???n l?? ???ng c??? vi??n t???ng th???ng c???a ?????ng D??n ch??? v?? l?? m???t anh h??ng c???a phong tr??o ch??nh th???ng, ???? t??nh nguy???n h??? tr??? b??n c??ng t???. Ngay sau ????, v??? lu???t s?? n???i ti???ng Clarence Darrow ???? ?????ng ?? tham gia v??? ph??a ACLU trong qu?? tr??nh b??o ch???a, m??? ra b???i c???nh cho m???t trong nh???ng phi??n t??a n???i ti???ng nh???t trong l???ch s??? Hoa K???.
V??o ng??y 10 th??ng 07, ???Phi??n t??a Kh?????? ???? ???????c ti???n h??nh, v?? trong v??i ng??y, h??ng lo???t kh??n gi??? v?? ph??ng vi??n ???? t???i Dayton trong khi c??c nh?? thuy???t gi??o d???ng c??c l???u d???c theo ???????ng ph??? ch??nh c???a th??nh ph??? ????? khu???y ?????ng l??ng m??? ?????o. B??n trong T??a ??n H???t Rhea, ph??a b??? ????n ???? s???m g???p ph???i tr??? ng???i khi Th???m ph??n John Raulston ph??n quy???t ch???ng l???i n??? l???c c???a h??? nh???m ch???ng minh r???ng ?????o lu???t l?? vi hi???n v?? sau ???? t??? ch???i ch???m d???t th??i quen b???t ?????u phi??n t??a h??ng ng??y c???a ??ng b???ng vi???c c???u nguy???n.
B??n ngo??i, Dayton mang b???u kh??ng kh?? gi???ng nh?? m???t l??? h???i h??a trang khi m???t cu???c tri???n l??m v???i hai con tinh tinh v?? th??? ???????c cho l?? ????????ng v???t trung gian??? ???? ???????c khai tr????ng t???i th??? tr???n, v?? nh???ng ng?????i b??n h??ng b??y b??n Kinh Th??nh, kh??? ????? ch??i, x??c x??ch v?? n?????c chanh. ?????ng v???t trung gian tr??n th???c t??? l?? Jo Viens ??? Burlington, Vermont, m???t ng?????i ????n ??ng 51 tu???i, c?? t???m v??c th???p, tr??n h???t ra sau v?? h??m nh?? ra. M???t trong nh???ng con tinh tinh t??n l?? Joe Mendi, mang m???t b??? ????? k??? s???c, m?? ph???t m??u n??u, v?? gi??y gh???t tr???ng, gi??p mua vui cho nh???ng ng?????i d??n th??nh ph??? Dayton b???ng c??ch ch??i ????a tr??n b??i c??? t??a ??n.
T???i ph??ng x??? ??n, Th???m ph??n Raulston ???? ph?? h???y chi???n l?????c c???a b??? ????n b???ng c??ch ph??n quy???t r???ng l???i ch???ng khoa h???c c???a c??c chuy??n gia v??? ti???n h??a l?? kh??ng ???????c ch???p nh???n ??? v???i l?? do Scopes m???i l?? ng?????i ??ang b??? x??t x??? ch??? kh??ng ph???i ?????o lu???t m?? anh ta ???? vi ph???m. Ng??y h??m sau, Raulston ra l???nh cho phi??n t??a ???????c chuy???n ?????n b??i c??? t??a ??n, v?? s??? r???ng s???c n???ng c???a ????m ????ng b??n trong c?? nguy c?? l??m s???p s??n nh??.
Tr?????c h??ng ng??n kh??n gi??? ngo??i tr???i, Darrow ???? thay ?????i chi???n thu???t c???a m??nh v?? g???i Bryan ra l??m nh??n ch???ng duy nh???t c???a ??ng trong m???t n??? l???c ????? l??m m???t uy t??n c??ch di???n gi???i ngh??a theo ngh??a ??en v??? Kinh th??nh c???a v??? lu???t s?? b??n c??ng t???. Trong qu?? tr??nh ki???m tra, Bryan ???? ph???i ch???u s??? ch??? gi???u c???a ng?????i xem v?? bu???c ph???i ????a ra nh???ng tuy??n b??? thi???u hi???u bi???t v?? m??u thu???n tr?????c c???u ??? th??ch th?? c???a ????m ????ng.
V??o ng??y 21 th??ng 07, trong b??i ph??t bi???u b??? m???c, Darrow ???? y??u c???u b???i th???m ??o??n ????a ra b???n ??n c?? t???i ????? b??n b??? c?? th??? kh??ng ??n. Theo quy ?????nh ph??p lu???t t???i Tennessee, trong tr?????ng h???p ???? Bryan kh??ng c?? c?? h???i ????? ?????c b??i ph??t bi???u b??? m???c m?? ??ng ta ???? chu???n b??? trong nhi???u tu???n. Sau t??m ph??t c??n nh???c, b???i th???m ??o??n tr??? l???i v???i b???n ??n c?? t???i v?? Raulston ra l???nh cho Scopes ph???i n???p ph???t 100 ???? la, m???c t???i thi???u m?? lu???t ph??p cho ph??p. M???c d?? Bryan ???? th???ng ki???n, ??ng ta ???? b??? s??? nh???c c??ng khai v?? ni???m tin ch??nh th???ng c???a ??ng ???? m???t uy t??n. N??m ng??y sau, v??o ng??y 26 th??ng 07, ??ng n???m ng??? tr??a v??o ng??y Ch??? nh???t v?? kh??ng bao gi??? th???c d???y n???a.
N??m 1927, T??a ??n T???i cao Tennessee ???? b??c ph??n quy???t c???a Phi??n t??a Kh??? v??? kh??a c???nh chuy??n m??n nh??ng ????? ng??? v???n ????? ?????o lu???t c?? vi hi???n hay kh??ng cho ?????n n??m 1968, khi T??a ??n T???i cao Hoa K??? b??c b??? m???t ?????o lu???t t????ng t??? ??? Arkansas v???i l?? do n?? vi ph???m Tu ch??nh ??n ?????u ti??n c???a Hi???n ph??p Hoa K???.
Nghi??n c???u Qu???c t??? g???i b???n b??o
p/v