06/09/1522: ??o??n th??m hi???m c???a Magellan ??i v??ng quanh th??? gi???i

Ngu???n: Magellan???s expedition circumnavigates globe, History.com

Bi??n d???ch: L?? H???ng Loan

V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1522, m???t trong n??m con t??u c???a Ferdinand Magellan ??? t??u Victoria ??? ???? c???p b???n Sanlucar de Barrameda, T??y Ban Nha, ho??n th??nh chuy???n ??i v??ng quanh th??? gi???i ?????u ti??n. T??u Victoria ???????c ch??? huy b???i hoa ti??u ng?????i Basque, Juan Sebastian de Elcano, ng?????i ph??? tr??ch con t??u sau c??i ch???t c???a Magellan ??? Philippines v??o th??ng 04 n??m 1521. Trong m???t chuy???n ??i d??i, v???t v??? ????? tr??? v??? nh??, c??c th???y th??? tr??n t??u ph???i ch???u c???nh ????i kh??t, b???nh scurvy (b???nh ???????ng m??u do thi???u vitamin C trong ????? ??n th?????ng ng??y) v?? s??? qu???y nhi???u t??? c??c con t??u B??? ????o Nha. Ch??? c?? Elcano, 17 ng?????i ch??u ??u kh??c v?? b???n ng?????i ???n ????? s???ng s??t ????? v??? ?????n T??y Ban Nha v??o th??ng 09 n??m 1522.

V??o ng??y 20 th??ng 09 n??m 1519, Magellan kh???i h??nh t??? T??y Ban Nha trong m???t n??? l???c nh???m t??m ki???m tuy???n ???????ng bi???n ph??a t??y ?????n Qu???n ?????o Gia v??? (???Spice Island???) tr?? ph?? c???a Indonesia. Ch??? huy n??m c??n t??u ??????v?? 270 th???y th???, Magellan ??i thuy???n ?????n T??y Phi v?? sau ???? t???i Brazil, n??i ??ng di d???c theo b??? bi???n Nam M??? ????? t??m m???t eo bi???n d???n t???i Th??i B??nh D????ng. ??ng ???? t???i R??o de la Plata, m???t c???a s??ng l???n ??? mi???n Nam Brazil ????? t??m l???i ??i nh??ng th???t b???i, sau ???? ??ng ti???p t???c t??m d???c theo b??? bi???n v??ng Patagonia. ?????n cu???i th??ng 3 n??m 1520, ??o??n th??m hi???m th??nh l???p m???t tr???m ngh??? ????ng ??? C???ng Saint Julian. ????m l??? Ph???c sinh, c??c thuy???n tr?????ng ng?????i T??y Ban Nha trong h???i ??o??n ???? n???i d???y ch???ng l???i v??? ch??? huy ng?????i B??? ????o Nha, nh??ng Magellan ???? d???p t???t ???????c cu???c n???i lo???n, h??nh quy???t m???t trong s??? c??c thuy???n tr?????ng ???? v?? ????? l???i m???t ng?????i khi h???i ??o??n r???i Saint Julian v??o th??ng 8.

V??o ng??y 21 th??ng 10, cu???i c??ng ??ng ???? ph??t hi???n ra eo bi???n m?? ??ng h???ng t??m ki???m. Eo bi???n Magellan, nh?? t??n g???i sau n??y c???a n??, n???m g???n m??i Nam M???, chia t??ch qu???n ?????o Tierra del Fuego v?? l???c ?????a Nam M???. Ch??? c?? ba con t??u ti???n v??o tuy???n ???????ng n??y; m???t chi???c ???? b??? ?????m v?? m???t chi???c kh??c ???? b??? b??? l???i. Ph???i m???t 38 ng??y ????? v?????t qua eo bi???n nguy hi???m n??y, v?? khi nh??n th???y ?????i d????ng ??? ?????u b??n kia, Magellan ???? ??a kh??c trong ni???m vui s?????ng. ??ng l?? nh?? th??m hi???m ch??u ??u ?????u ti??n ?????n Th??i B??nh D????ng t??? ?????i T??y D????ng. H???i ??o??n c???a ??ng ???? ho??n th??nh vi???c v?????t qua ?????i d????ng v??? ph??a t??y trong 99 ng??y, b??ng qua v??ng bi???n y??n t??nh m???t c??ch k??? l??? ?????n m???c n?? ???????c ?????t t??n l?? ???Th??i B??nh D????ng???, xu???t ph??t t??? g???c Latinh ???pacificus???, c?? ngh??a l?? ???y??n t??nh???. G???n cu???i h??nh tr??nh, h???i ??o??n b??? c???n ki???t th???c ??n v?? ph???i ??n da thu???c tr??n ????? d??ng ????? s???ng s??t. V??o ng??y 06 th??ng 03 n??m 1521, ??o??n th??m hi???m ?????t ch??n l??n ?????o Guam.

M?????i ng??y sau ????, h??? th??? neo t???i ?????o Cebu thu???c Philippines???ch??? c??ch Qu???n ?????o Gia v??? kho???ng 400 d???m. Magellan ???? g???p t?? tr?????ng Cebu, ng?????i sau khi c???i ?????o sang Thi??n Ch??a gi??o ???? thuy???t ph???c h???i ??o??n c???a Magellan gi??p ????? ??ng trong cu???c chinh ph???t m???t b??? l???c ?????i th??? tr??n ?????o Mactan g???n ????. Trong tr???n chi???n di???n ra ng??y 27 th??ng 4, Magellan tr??ng m???t m??i t??n t???m ?????c v?? b??? b??? m???c l???i ?????n ch???t trong khi nh???ng ng?????i ?????ng ?????i c???a ??ng r??t lui.

Sau c??i ch???t c???a Magellan, nh???ng ng?????i s???ng s??t ???? ??i???u khi???n hai con t??u ?????n Moluccas v?? ch???t ?????y gia v??? l??n t??u. M???t con t??u ???? c??? g???ng, nh??ng b???t th??nh, trong vi???c tr??? v??? qua ng??? Th??i B??nh D????ng. Con t??u kia, Victoria, ti???p t???c ??i theo h?????ng t??y d?????i s??? ch??? huy c???a Juan Sebastian de Elcano. Con t??u giong bu???m ??i qua ???n ????? D????ng, v??ng qua M??i H???o V???ng, v?? c???p c???ng Sanlucar de Barrameda c???a T??y Ban Nha v??o ng??y 06 th??ng 09 n??m 1522, tr??? th??nh con t??u ?????u ti??n ??i v??ng quanh th??? gi???i. T??u Victoria sau ???? ??i thuy???n l??n s??ng Guadalquivir, ?????n Seville v??i ng??y sau ????.

Elcano sau ???? ???? ???????c ch??? ?????nh ????? d???n ?????u m???t h???i ??o??n g???m b???y t??u trong m???t chuy???n ??i kh??c t???i Moluccas thay m???t Ho??ng ????? Charles V. ??ng ch???t v?? b???nh scurvy tr??n ???????ng ??i.