vannghecuocsong
Th??, L?? Lu???n, Ph?? B??nh
Lu???n v??n v??? ?????t (ti???p theo) - ????? Ho??ng
Gi???t h???t b???t c??? ????n ??ng, ????n b??, tr??? con c?? huy???t th???ng Ba Lan ho???c n??i ti???ng Ba Lan; ch??? c?? th??? ch??ng ta m???i gi??nh ???????c kh??ng gian sinh t???n ta c???n???, nh???m l???p m???t ????? ch??? Nazi ??? ????ng ??u, x??y d???ng t???i ????y m???t x?? h???i ???tuy???t ?????i n??ng th??n ho??, thu???n khi???t v??? ?????c t??nh sinh h???c, kh??ng cho ph??p t???n t???i d??n b???n ?????a h??? ?????ng.??? Himmler n??i: ???Ch??ng ta ph???i b???o ?????m ch??? ng?????i ?????c thu???n ch???ng m???i ???????c s???ng ??? mi???n ????ng.??? ????? ????n ??p phong tr??o kh??ng chi???n, ch??ng quy ?????nh: c??? 1 l??nh ?????c b??? gi???t th?? ch??ng s??? gi???t 50-100 ng?????i Ba Lan.
h???. S??? g???p l???i ng?????i h???u c???a m??nh ng??y x??a l?? Afnaxi g??y x??c ?????ng l???n trong l??ng cha Z??xima v?? c??? nhi???u th??? h??? sau n??y. Ch??nh cha Z??xima c??ng n??i l??n c???m t?????ng c???a m??nh l??c ????. Ch??nh cha ???? t??? b???ch: " T??i g???p l???i ng?????i l??nh h???u c???a t??i Afanaxi. T??? h???i chia tay v???i anh ?????n nay ???? t??m n??m, t??nh c??? anh nh???n ra t??i v?? ch???y l???i v???i t??i, v?? tr???i ??i! Anh ta m???ng qu?? v?? ????m b??? ?????n t??i: " Cha ??i! ?????i nh??n ??i! ?????i nh??n ?????y ??? C?? ph???i cha ?????y kh??ng?". Ch??ng ta x??c ?????ng v???i cha Tr?????ng l??o. N???u kh??ng c?? ph??t c???i h???i, kh??ng c?? ??i???u ??n n??n, cam t??m l??m ??i???u thi???n ngay khi m??nh ??ang c??n l??m ??i???u ??c tr??n c??i ?????i n??y, kh??ng c?? t???m l??ng v??? tha bao dung, kh??ng c?? t??nh th????ng ????? l?????ng l???n lao, l??m sao m???t k??? t??i t??? c???a m??nh v???n ?????i kh??ng v???i m??nh t??? trong m??u th???t l???i c?? th??? th??nh t??m ?????n nh?? l?? th??nh th???n ban b???o, t??? nguy???n, t??? gi??c ch???y l???i v???i t???m l??ng thanh s???ch nh?? n?????c cam l??? v???y. Ph??t gi???y g???p g??? ???y c???m ?????ng nh?????ng bao, tri ??n nh???ng bao. Ng?????i s?? quan, ng?????i t??? quy???n l???c vinh hoa ph?? qu??, ???????ng binh nghi???p th??ng quan ti???n ch???c d??? d??ng, ti???n c???a nh?? n?????c ???? t??? gi?? h???t th???y v?? ch???p nh???n ?????ng n??m m????i c?? p???c , v?? m???t ?????ng ??n ???????ng c???a ng?????i l??nh h???u c???a m??nh ???? c?? h???o t??m r???t m???c. C??i g?? c?? ???????c ??? t???m l??ng ch??n th??nh c???a ng???????i l??nh h???u c??, ng?????i h???u c?? c???a cha Z?? xi ma? C??i ???? kh??ng ngo??i t???m l??ng nh??n ??i, ?????i t??? bi, b??c ??i c???a Z??xima c??i ph??t ?????u ti??n ?????n v???i Ch??a! Ch??nh vi???c ?????n v???i Ch??a, con ng?????i m???i c?? l??ng thanh s???ch, c?? t??m h???n qu???ng ?????i , c?? t??nh b???ng h???u bao la. Ph??t gi??y cha Z??xima c???m ?????ng l??c ???y c??ng l?? ngu???n kh??i g???i c???m h???ng cho t???m l??ng t???t c???a ng?????i tu h??nh v?? gi??p cho h??? c?? ni???m tin l??m vi???c ngh??a, vi???c thi???n su???t ?????i m?? kh??ng h??? ?????n ??o c??n nh???c ho???c l?? nu???i ti???c. Cha Z??xima sung s?????ng n??i: "T??i nh???n ti???n anh ta, c??i ch??o hai v??? ch???ng v?? ra ??i, l??ng vui s?????ng. Tr??n ???????ng ??i, t??i ngh??: -Tr?????c kia t??i l?? ch??? anh ta, anh ta l?? t??i t???. C??n b??y gi??? gi???a ch??ng t??i l?? s??? h??a h???p v?? ?????i c???a con ng?????i v???i nhau!".
L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha Z??xima c??ng nh?? c??i ch??n ti???n m??? ??? ph????ng ????ng m?? c??? nh??n c?? n??i: "Thi nh?? Th??nh nh??n, Th?????ng thi??n c???u nh??n c??? v?? kh?? nh??n. Th?????ng thi??n c???u v???t c??? v?? kh?? v???t, thi v??? t???p minh" . Ngh??a l??: (Cho n??n Th??nh nh??n, th?????ng kh??o c???u ng?????i, n??n kh??ng c?? ng?????i b??? b???. Th?????ng kh??o c???u v???t n??n kh??ng c?? v???t n??o b??? b???, ???y l?? s??ng b???ng hai) - (4) . ??i h??nh h????ng trong c??i ?????i ?? tr???c, c??i ?????i m?? k??? ??c nhi???u h??n ng?????i thi???n; c??i ?????i ?????y r???y nh???ng h???ng ng?????i nh?? Ivan Fi??????r??vits, Xmer??iak???p, Grusenka, Kh??l?? lac??va..., nh???ng h???ng ng?????i k??m ?????c tin v?? nhi???u h???ng ng?????i v?? th???n coi khinh ?????ng C???u th???. Cha Z??xima th???y t???n m???t, hi???u th???u ch??n t??, k??? t??c n???i ??au tr???n th???, n???i ??au c???a nh???ng k??? l???m l???c, kh??ng c?? ?????c tin. Cha Z??xima bi???t v?? ngh?? r???ng: "Nh???ng k??? kh??ng c?? ?????c tin th?? kh??ng th??? l?? ng?????i l??m vi???c thi???n ???????c.Kh??ng l??m ???????c vi???c thi???n th?? l??m sao c?? l??ng nh??n ??i b??nh th?????ng, ch??a n??i ?????n ph???i c?? l??ng nh??n ??i minh tri???t. Kh??ng c?? ?????c tin, con ng?????i s??? tr??? n??n lo??i th?? ! Cu???c s???ng tr??n h??nh tin n??y s??? ?????m m??u nhi???u h??n n???a". Ch??nh cha Z??xima b???ng vi???c l??m c???a m??nh, b???ng s??? hy sinh v?? t??, b???ng s??? t??? c???i t?? quy ch??nh c???a m??nh, cha Z??xima thuy???t ph???c ???????c con ng?????i k??m ?????c tin ho???c kh??ng c?? ?????c tin. H??y nu??i d?????ng l???y ?????c tin trong l??ng m??nh. N???u kh??ng th?? cu???c s???ng c???a m???i m???t con ng?????i s??? th??c lo???n, m?? cu???c s???ng c???a to??n c???ng ?????ng c??ng th??c lo???n,con ng?????i m???t ph????ng h?????ng. ???? c??ng ch??nh l?? m???t ph???n t??m linh s??u th???m c???a ????xt??iepxki gi???i b??y c??ng h???u th???. ????xt??iepxki h?????ng v??? Ch??a C???u th??? v?? tu vi???n. ?? th???c b???nh ho???n v?? ?? th???c t???i l???i d???n ?????n ????xt??iepxki mong mu???n m???t x?? h???i minh tr??? c?? hai th??? l??: " T??n gi??o v?? Nh?? n?????c Qu??n ch???". Quay v??? v???i ?????ng Christ. ????xt??iepxki t??m ???????c c??i thi???n, ??ng quan ni???m c?? ?????c tin v?? c?? c??i thi???n th?? c?? s???c m???nh t???o ra to??n th??? gi???i. S???c m???nh to??n tr??? ???y ch??? c?? ??? Jesus. H??y g???i ?????c tin v??o Ch??a. " ?????c tin ?????n v???i ch??ng ta kh??ng c??n ??? d?????i ph??p lu???t n???a. B???i ch???ng anh em h???t th???y ?????u l?? con c??i c???a ?????c Ch??a Tr???i do ?????c tin t??m ?????n Christ Jesus (5).
Cha Z??xima l?? hi???n th??n cho m???t con ng?????i Ki t?? gi??o trong s??ng c?? l?? t?????ng, c?? c??ng kh??? luy???n, ?????c ????? hy sinh. Nhi???u ?? ki???n l???p lu???n c???a c??c h???c gi??? cho r???ng ????xt??iepxki d??nh cho Z??xima l?? ng?????i th???y cu???c s???ng l?? kh??ng th??nh c??ng th?? r?? r??ng l?? kh??ng th???t ch??nh x??c v?? kh??ng hi???u h???t ????xt??iepxki. Ch??nh nh??n v???t cha Z??xima l?? m???t ph???n h??nh m???u ????xt??iepxki l???y m??nh l??m nguy??n m???u l?? nh??n v???t ?????t ??? ????? th??nh c??ng cao nh???t , th??nh c??ng m???t c??ch tuy???t h???o theo nh?? ?? nguy???n c???a ????xt??iepxki khi x??y d???ng nh??n v???t n??y. Nh???ng l???i rao gi???ng c???a cha Z??xima kh??ng ph???i nh???ng l???i nh???t nh???o c???a m???t k??? kh??ng t???ng tr???i, kh??ng t???ng kh??? ??au, vinh nh???c trong ?????i tr???n ai... Ch??nh cha Z??xima l?? ng?????i ph??t ng??n cho t?? t?????ng, t??nh c???m, ?? nguy???n, ho??i b??o c???a ????xt??iepxki !
L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha Z?? xi ma nh?? ch??ng ta ???? ph??n t??ch l?? n?? b???t ngu???n t??? trong c???i r??? c???a c???t nh???c. N?? ???????c x??y n??n t??? ?????i s???ng th???c c???a h??ng ngh??n s??? ph???n ??au kh??? kh??c nhau. N?? c?? ni???m tin, n?? kh??ng d??? m???t s???m, m???t chi???u t??n phai ???????c. Vi???c l??m ?????c, vi???c l??m nh??n ??i c???a cha Z??xima ta th???y n?? c?? kh???p m???i n??i, kh???p m???i ng?????i, kh??ng ph??n bi???t c???i ngu???n, c???ng ?????ng d??n t???c. L??ng nh??n ??i, c??i vi???c l??m ?????c ???y ??? ta c??ng c?? nhi???u v??? ch??n tu th???c h??nh. Kh??ng h???n c??c v??? ch??n tu xu???t gia m?? l?? nh???ng ng?????i tu t???i gia c??ng c?? ?? th???c khi l??m vi???c thi???n:
"Ng?????i tr???ng c??y h???nh ng?????i ch??i
Ta tr???ng c??y ?????c ????? ?????i v??? sau" (6)
Ng?????i Vi???t ch??ng ta qu??? l?? c?? ?? th???c trong tu nh??n, t??ch ?????c. Vi???c l??m c???a h??? kh??ng m?? qu??ng. Ch??nh cha Z?? xima c??ng v???y. Cha l??m vi???c thi???n v???i m???t ?? th???c r?? r??ng. Cha Z??xima mu???n con ng?????i ph???i y??u c??i thi???n, kh??ng s??? c??i ??c, di???t tr??? c??i y???u. Mu???n l??m ???????c ??i???u ???y ph???i tr??? v??? v???i Ch??a, ph???i l??m vi???c nh??n ??i, ????? x??a c??i ??c v?? x??y d???ng m???t v????ng qu???c c???a c??i thi???n. Mu???n th??nh c??ng th?? ph???i nh??? Ch??a h??? tr???.
B???ng ?????i th???c c???a m??nh ???? tr???i qua trong cu???c ?????i m?? ?????n v???i Ch??a, cha Z??xima kh??ng ?????i n??o m?? qu??ng khi m??nh l??m m???t vi???c g?? c???u nh??n ????? th??? . Vi???c cha l??m kh??ng c???u danh, c???u l???i cho m??nh m?? l?? m???t vi???c l??m c?? ?? ngh??a h???n hoi. M???t vi???c l??m xu???t ph??t t??? t???m l??ng nh??n h???u c?? m???t kh??ng hai x??y d???ng n??n. Ch??nh ng?????i ch??ng sinh y??u m???n c???a cha Z??xima, m???c d???u ch??a tr???i qua tr?????ng ?????i nh??ng bi???t tin theo Tr?????ng l??o, bi???t Tr?????ng l??o l?? con ng?????i ch??n tu ki???t xu???t ???? tr??? l???i th???ng tr?????c m???t anh m??nh l?? Ivan Fi??????n??vits l?? anh ta tin c?? Ch??a. M???c cho Fi??????n??vits b???ng nh???ng l?? lu???n v???ng ch???c c???a m??nh, b???ng d???n ch???ng h??ng h???n, t???ng c???i l???i cha Z?? xi ma, b??c b??? t???t c??? m???i ni???m tin c?? Ch??a tr??n ?????i. Ch???ng t??? tr?????ng l??o Z?? xi ma uy danh r???t l???n. Uy danh v?? l?? lu???n c???a Z?? xi ma ????? ????? ????nh b???i t?? t????ngr v?? th???n c???a Ivan Fi??????n??vits.
Kh??ng nh???ng ????nh ????? nh???ng th??? l???c v?? th???n kh??c, m?? ngay trong nh???ng ng?????i tu h??nh ?????t ?????n b???c ch??n tu nh?? F??rap??n v???n kh??ng th??? l???n ??t uy danh ?????c ????? v???i cha Z??xima. ??? cha Z??xima, cho ta th???y t?? t?????ng nh??n ?????o ph????ng T??y v?? ph????ng ????ng ?????u g???p nhau t???i m???t ??i???m. ???? l?? l??ng nh??n ??i bao dung, t??nh th????ng qu???ng ?????i, y??u m???n h???t th???y m???i con ng?????i sinh ra tr??n c??i th??? n??y.
C??ng th??i ??i???m n??y ??? ph????ng ????ng c??? th??? l?? ??? Vi???t Nam ta, nh?? danh y n???i ti???ng c???a d??n t???c H???i Th?????ng L??n ??ng L?? H???u Tr??c n??i:
"?????a ??n m??y c??ng tr???i sinh
B???nh c??n c???u ?????ng, thu???c d??nh cho kh??ng"
V??? l??ng nh??n ??i (Y ?????c) H???i Th?????ng L??n ??ng th?????ng n??i: ???Th???y thu???c n???m t??nh m???ng c???a ng?????i b???nh, ng?????i ta g???i t??nh m???ng cho m??nh, ph???i h???t s???c c???n tr???ng, ph???i nghi??n c???u s??ch v??? k??? c??ng, khi ch???a b???nh ph???i c???n th???n, ph???i nh???n r?? ???????c b???nh ch???ng r???i m???i l???p ph????ng, tuy???t ?????i kh??ng ???????c s?? su???t, xem th?????ng. Ngh??? thu???c kh??ng ph???i l?? ngh??? c???u danh tr???c l???i, kh??ng ph???i th???y ng?????i gi??u sang m?? xu ph??? ????? ki???m ti???n, th???y ng?????i ngh??o kh???, c?? ????n m?? khinh mi???t. Ng?????i gi??u sang kh??ng thi???u g?? th???y, thi???u g?? thu???c???. (7). Khi ch???a b???nh cho ng?????i ngh??o kh???, ch???a ???????c b???nh r???i, c??? c??n gi??p ti???n ????? b???i b???. C??? th?????ng n??i: ???L??m ngh??? th???y thu???c kh??ng n??n v??? l???i. Kh??ng n??n c???u b??o ??n. Kh??ng n??n khinh ng?????i ngh??o. ?????i v???i ?????ng nghi???p ph???i khi??m nh?????ng. Ph???i h???c t???p nh???ng ng?????i h??n m??nh. Gi??p ????? ng?????i k??m m??nh. Kh??ng ???????c khinh r??? l???n nhau??? (8). ????y l?? y???u t??? nh??n c??ch c???a ng?????i l??m thu???c v?? ?????o l?? l??m th???y c???a c???. C??? ???? vi???t ra 9 ??i???u Y hu???n c??ch ng??n ????? d???y c??c th??? h??? th???y thu???c ?????i sau m?? ng??y nay, B??? Y t??? ???? l???y l??m y ?????c cho c??c th???y thu???c ????ng y".
Ph???t d???y: Y??u th????ng ph???i t??? bi, h???, x??? -
???? l?? l??ng nh??n ??i, y??u th????ng h???t th???y m???i ch??ng sinh, gi??p nhau qua ho???n n???n, c??ng chung khi c?? ni???m vui, b??? qua m???i th?? h???n kh??ng ????ng c??, c??ng nhau ti???n ?????n ?????i ?????ng.
L??ng nh??n ??i ??? ?????o Gi??o, ?????o Ph???t ?????u c??ng g???p nhau t???i m???t ??i???m. C??ng nh?? cha Fr??l?? (Nh?? th?? ?????c B?? Paris) , cha Z??xima l?? ng?????i th??ng su???t gi??o l?? Kit?? gi??o, ng?????i hi???u ???????c c???i ngu???n ch??n dung thi???n m??? c???a ?????o. S??? tu h??nh, vi???c ham ?????c s??ch, l??ng ham h???c, ham hi???u bi???t c??i d????ng th??? gi??p cho c??c nh?? tu h??nh hi???u bi???t r???ng r??i ??? nhi???u ph????ng di???n tri th???c. Cha Ralph?? (t rong ti???u thuy???t - Nh???ng con chim ???n m??nh ch??? ch???t) c??ng v???y. Cha l?? m???t tr?? th???c l???n. Nh??ng cu???i c??ng cha Fr??l??, cha Ralph?? ?????u b??? l???t m???t n???, h??? ?????u l?? m???t m??? b??ng bong kh??ng c?? m???t ?? ngh??a n??o thuy???t ph???c con ng?????i tr??n ?????i. C??n l???i ch??? c?? cha Z??xima. Cha Z??xima th??? hi???n m???t t???m th???nh t??nh nh??n ??i bao la. N??i theo ng??n ng??? hi???n ?????i l?? l??ng nh??n ??u c?? m???t, hay l?? l??ng nh??n ??i hi???n minh, xu???t ph??t t??? m???t tri th???c r???ng l???n minh tri???t! L??ng nh??n ??i c?? t??? tr??i tim y??u nh??n lo???i c???a m??nh.
Nh?? ???? ph??n t??ch ph???n tr?????c, cu???c ?????i trai tr??? c???a cha Z??xima l?? m???t ph???n ?????i trai tr??? c???a ????xt??iepxki. Qu???ng ?????i qu??n ng?? c???a cha l?? qu???ng ?????i qu??n ng?? c???a ????xt??iepxki. Ph???n ?????i binh nghi???p ???y ???? cho ????xt??iepxki th???y ???????c r?? c??i thi???n, c??i ??c tr??n ?????i n??y... Trong nh???ng ng??y ho???t ?????ng ??? nh??m ch???ng ?????i, ????xt??iepxki c??ng th???y r?? h??n c??i ??c t???n t???i ??? th??? gian. Ch??nh nh??? v???n s???ng trong ph???n ?????i th???c n??y m?? ????x t??iepxki hi???u th??m nh??n th???.Tr??n c??i ?????i n??y, c??i thi???n v?? c??i ??c ?????u song song t???n t???i. N?? c??ng ??i ?????n c??i b???t t???. Kh??ng c?? c??i n??y ti??u di???t ???????c c??i kia. ?????y l?? m???t s??? th???t. Nh??ng ch??ng ta c??ng bi???t r???ng bao gi??? c??i thi???n c??ng nhi???u h??n c??i ??c v?? chi???n th???ng c??i ??c. ???? l?? c??ch nh??n bi???n ch???ng. C??ch nh??n ????ng. T???t nhi??n trong cu???c ?????i, th?? l??c n??y, l??c kh??c, ch??? n??y, ch??? kh??c ,c?? l??c c??i ??c th???ng c??i thi???n, c??i thi???n thua c??i ??c. V???n ????? l?? con ng?????i hay c??c b???c minh tri???t bi???t huy ?????ng con ng?????i tr??? v??? c??i thi???n ????? cho c??i thi???n th???ng th???.. Ch??nh l??c n??y vai tr?? c???a c??c t??n gi??o ch??n ch??nh c?? m???t v??? tr?? l???n lao trong vi???c t???p h???p lo??i ng?????i ??i theo c??i thi???n.
Cha Z??xima hi???u r?? ??i???u n??y. B???ng l?? l??? c???a m??nh, b???ng c??i nh??n th???u th???, cha bi???t r???ng: "K??? n??o kh??ng tin Ch??a th?? c??ng kh??ng tin con d??n c???a Ch??a. Ng?????i n??o tin con d??n c???a Ch??a th?? c??ng s??? th???y Th??nh di???n c???a Ch??a. Ch??? c?? nh??n d??n v?? s???c m???nh tinh th???n sau n??y c???a nh??n d??n m???i l??m cho k??? v?? th???n ???? m???t g???c tr??? l???i ?????o... Kh??ng c?? Ch??a th?? d??n ch??ng di???t vong. B???i v?? nh??n d??n khao kh??t l???i c???a Ch??a".
Vi???c ??i t??m c??i thi???n c???a cha Z??xima th???t ????ng v???i vi???c ??i t??m c??i thi???n c???a nh???ng b???c tu h??nh ph????ng ????ng. Mu???n tr??? ???????c c??i ??c, kh??ng g?? h??n ph???i tr??? v??? v???i c??i thi???n. V????ng Duy l?? b???c thi Ph???t ?????i ???????ng ??? Trung Qu???c ???? t???ng n??i:
"An thi???n ch??? ?????c long" (9)
Ngh??a l?? : " Mu???n tr??? ???????c con r???ng d??? ph???i tr??? v??? ?????o Ph???t v?? th???u hi???u n??". Ta hi???u con r???ng d??? ??? ????y l?? c??i ??c. Ch??? ng??? ???????c c??i ??c th?? th??? gi???i mu??n lo??i y??n b??nh.
Theo T???ng th??:
"Ph???t th??? nh???t: X??ch ??i Ph???t Ph???t th??? nh???t t??n l?? X??ch ??i Ph???t, gi??ng sinh t???i ph????ng Nam, v??? n??y l?? linh minh nh???t trong ch??ng sanh, gi??o h??a ng?????i ?????i, khai ph??t n??i ?????o, th???i ???y l?? th???i k??? h???ng hoang, nh??n h???p v???i Thi??n, v?? tri v?? th???c, t??nh b???n ch?? thi???n, ng?????i v?? th?? ??? chung, ng?????i th?? kh??ng ph??n ra, nh??ng kh??ng x??m ph???m nhau, kh??ng gi???t ch??c l???n nhau, h??a b??nh s???ng chung, kh??ng gi??nh ??n v???i nhau. Trong Kinh Th??nh ???C???u ?????c??? trang th??? nh???t c?? ghi: ???Th???n n??i: Xem ?????y! Ta ???? ??em rau c???i, h???t gi???ng ????? lo???i kh???p n??i v?? tr??i tr??n c??y ????? lo???i mang theo h???t gi???ng, ban cho c??c ng????i l??m th???c ph???m, c??n con th?? ??i tr??n m???t ?????t, con chim bay tr??n kh??ng trung, c??ng c??c lo??i v???t c?? m???ng s???ng b?? tr??n m???t ?????t, Ta ??em c??? xanh ban cho ch??ng l??m th???c ??n, vi???c nh?? v???y l?? ho??n th??nh, cho n??n ng?????i v?? th?? ?????u c?? mi???ng ??n c???a m??nh, kh??ng x??m ph???m l???n nhau???.
Trong ???Tam T??? Kinh??? c?? n??i: ????????o, l????ng, t??c, m???ch, th???, t???c, th??? l???c c???c nh??n s??? th???c. M??, ng??u, d????ng, k??, khuy???n, th???, th???c l???c s??c nh??n s??? t??????, con ch?? gi??? nh?? tr??ng ????m, con g?? b??o th???c s??ng s???m, m???i th??? ?????u c?? c??i cho s??? d???ng, th???t l?? th??? gi???i an h??a l???c l???i ".
Hai lu???ng t?? t?????ng c???a c??i thi???n ??? hai ph????ng ????ng, T??y l???i c??ng g???p nhau ??? m???t ??i???m.
L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha Z?? \xima l?? l??ng nh??n ??i ???????c Ch??a ban cho. Kh??ng ph???i ai c??ng c?? vinh h???nh n??y. Cha Z??xima ???? c?? Kinh Th??nh trong ?????i c???a m??nh. L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha c??ng b???t ?????u t??? t???m l??ng v??? tha c?? c???i ngu???n t??? thu??? c??n th??. Ch??nh ng?????i c?? tu???i th?? l?? ng?????i gi??u l??ng nh??n ??i h??n ai c???. B???i v?? nh??? nh???ng ??i???u n??y m?? khi tr??? th??nh v??? ch??n tu, cha Z??xima m???i th???u tri???t th??m ch??n l?? :" Kh??ng th??? n??i v??? ?????c h???nh ???????c khi ch??nh ch??ng ta ??i l??m ????? m??u ng?????i". Cha coi t???i l??m ????? m??u ng?????i l?? t???i l???n nh???t tr??n t???t c??? c??c t???i c?? ??? tr???n th???. Kh??ng c?? c??i s??m h???i n??o l???n h??n c??i s??m h???i l??m ????? m??u ng?????i. C??i s??m h???i ???y ngh??n n??m ???? n???ng l??n tr??i tim ng?????i h???i l???i. Kh??ng ai c?? th??? chia s??? s??? ph???n ???y. Cha m??? c??ng kh??ng, anh em b???u b???n c??ng kh??ng, ch???ng v??? c??ng kh??ng. Cu???i c??ng ch??? c?? b???n th??n m??nh, ch??nh m??nh bi???t h???i c???i , bi???t t??? m??nh t???nh ng??? chu???c l???i l???i l???m. Ch??? c?? ??i???u ???? m???i t??m v??? ???????c c??i thi???n, ch??nh ??i???u ???? m???i mong x??a d???n ??i c??i ??c.
Nh???ng b???c ch??n tu v??? ?????i ng??y tr?????c, nh???ng v??? th??nh ng??y tr?????c ???? l??m ???????c ??i???u n??y. ???? l?? nh???ng t???m g????ng cho ?????i sau noi theo.
Phao l?? l?? m???t v??? Th??nh th??? nh???t , th??? hai trong c??c h??ng v??? Th??nh sau ?????c Ch??a Jesus c??ng ???? ??i t??? con ???????ng l???m l???c tr??? v??? con ???????ng l????ng thi???n.Tr?????c m???t vua ??pripba, Phao l?? n??i: "Ch??nh t??i t???ng th???m ngh?? l??m nhi???u ??i???u ????? ch???ng ngh???ch danh Ch??a Ng?????i Xanaret. T??i c??ng ???? l??m nh?? v???y tr???i Gieusalem, ???? nh??n quy???n b??nh c???a c??c th???y t??? l??? v?? b??? t?? nhi???u th??nh ????? v?? l??c h??? b??? gi???t, t??i c??ng b??? th??m ??ng thu???n."
Nh??ng Phao l?? ???? g???p Ch??a. Ch??a ???? x??ng danh: "Ta l?? Jesus m?? ng????i b???t b??? ????y, song h??y ?????ng l??n. Ta s??? gi???i c???u ng?????i kh???i d??n. ????? h?????ng v??? ?????c Ch??a Tr???i h???u cho h??? nh???n ???????c s??? tha t???i ???????c n??n Th??nh b???i c?? ?????c tin v???i ta."(10)
T??m v??? c??i thi???n, t??m v??? Ch??a, ???????c Ch??a c???m h??a, ???????c c??i thi???n d???n d???t, Phao l?? ???? ??i ?????n con ???????ng ch??n tu v?? cu???i c??ng ?????c ?????o.
Th??nh Miguel de Manata c??ng v???y. T??? m???t k??? Don Juande tr??c t??ng l??m thui h???i bao nhi???u ?????i con g??i v?? t???i, Miguel de Manata ???? s??m h???i , t??? b??? t???t c??? ????? tr??? v??? c??i thi???n . C??ng ?????c h???i l???i ???y ???? ???????c h???u th??? soi x??t. Hai tr??m n??m sau khi ch???t, Miguel de Manata ???????c hi???n Th??nh.
Cha Z??xima ??i theo c??c v??? th??nh n??y, noi g????ng h??? v?? nh?? ???? ph??n t??ch l?? cha c??ng ?????c ?????o.
Cha Z??xima khi n??m kh???u s??ng c???a m??nh, kh??ng mu???n l??m ????? m??u ?????ng lo???i, b???ng c??i c???m quan th???u th???. Cha bi???t "d??ng s??ng ????? ????? ra ch??nh quy???n" (11) l?? t??? s??t m??nh v?? t??? s??t nh??n lo???i. K??? nh??n danh t??? do s??? gi???t ch???t t??? do! C??i nhu c???u th???a m??n b???n th??n c???a h??? n???y sinh trong l??ng h??? nhi???u ham mu???n, nhi???u th??i quen v?? ngh??a v?? ngu xu???n, l???m gi??? t?????ng v?? l??. Ng?????i ta s???ng ????? k??? v?? hi???m kh??ch l???n nhau. Ng???a xe, ch???c t?????c, k??? h???u ng?????i h???, danh d??? l??ng tham gi???t ch???t con ng?????i ham quy???n l???c. R???i thay cho r?????u, h??? u???ng m??u ng?????i. Nh???ng k??? ?????u tranh cho nh??n lo???i, gi??nh l???y t??? do ???y l???i r??i v??o v??ng n?? l??? c???a nh???ng th??i quan, ham m???n. ?? t?????ng th???ng nh???t to??n nh??n lo???i c???a k??? ??c, ?? t?????ng ph???c v??? nh??n lo???i c???a h??? ng??y c??ng l???i t???t tr??n th??? gian. Cu???i c??ng t???t c??? l?? t?????ng gi??? v??? ph???c v??? nh??n lo???i ???y chi ??i ph???c v??? cho m???t nh??m ng?????i s???ng bi???t l???p v???i c???ng ?????ng.
Cha Z??xima hi???u con ??????ng tu h??nh c???a minh khi m??nh t??? ch???n l?? con ???????ng d???n ?????n t??? do th???t s???, d???n ?????n c??i thi???n. C?? nh?? th??? m???i c?? l??ng nh??n ??i. L??ng nh??n ??i ph???i sinh ra ??? tr??i tim gi??u l??ng nh??n h???u v?? ??? b??? ??c tr??c vi???t c???a b???c ch??n tu hay ng?????i l??m vi???c thi???n. Cha Z??xima bi???t r???ng ngay t??? th???i c??? x??a, nh???ng nh?? ho???t ?????ng c???a nh??n d??n c??ng t??? nh???ng b???c tu h??nh m?? ra. Hi???n t???i c??ng th??? m?? sau n??y c??ng th???. Cha Z??xima khi tr??? v??? c??i thi???n , cha hi???u c??ng vi???c c???a m??nh, c??ng vi???c ch??n ch??nh c???a v??? ch??n tu Nga. Nh???ng ng?????i ??n chay v?? nh???ng ng?????i khi??m nh?????ng v?? hi???n l??nh ???y s??? ?????ng ra ph???c v??? s??? nghi???p v??? ?????i. Nh??n d??n s??? c???u n?????c Nga. T??? mu??n ?????i tu vi???n Nga ??i v???i nh??n d??n. Cha Z??xima b???ng kh??? n??ng th???u th??? c???a m??nh hay ch??nh ????xt??iepxki b???ng thi??n t??i tr???c b??o c???nh t???nh cho nh??n lo???i bi???t nguy c?? c???a k??? l??m ??i???u ??c. Cha Z??xima th???y ???????c ??? n?????c Nga c???a Cha: "Nh???ng nh?? ho???t ?????ng kh??ng t??nh ng?????ng, kh??ng l??m n??n tr?? tr???ng g?? cho d?? ng?????i ???? c?? t???m l??ng ch??n th??nh v?? tr?? tu??? thi??n t??i. H??y nh??? l???y ??i???u ????. Nh??n d??n s??? ??????ng ?????u v???i ng?????i v?? th???n v?? qu???t ????? k??? ????. N?????c Nga ch??nh gi??o th???ng nh???t s??? xu???t hi???n. H??y b???o v??? nh??n d??n v?? ch??m s??c tr??i tim nh??n d??n b???ng ??n ngh??a. H??y v?? nh??n d??n mang Ch??a trong m??nh."
????xt??iepxki qu??? c?? c??i nh??n th???u th???. B???ng gi??c v?? th???c, ??ng bi???t ?????n c??i ????? v??? t???t y???u c???a nh???ng k??? v?? th???n (hay ????ng h??n nh???ng k??? l??m ??i???u ??c). Sau m???t tr??m n??m th???i gian ???? l?? ng?????i th???y c??ng minh ki???m nghi???m c??i nh??n thi??n t??i c???a ????xt??iepxki. ????ng l?? ????xt??iepxki l?? m???t thi??n t??i - thi??n t??i nh??n ??i. ??ng ???? c???m nh???n tr?????c t???t c??? nh??n lo???i. Th??? k??? sau th??? k??? 19, th??? k??? XX, c??i ??c th???ng th??? ho??nh h??nh l???n ??t c??i thi???n. ??i???n h??nh l?? ch??? ngh??a Ph??t x??t v?? ch??? ngh??a C???ng s???n.
C??i ??c c???a Ch??? ngh??a Ph??t x??t l?? : Ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t l?? m???t h??? t?? t?????ng ch??nh tr??? v?? phong tr??o s??? ????ng m?? mu???n ?????t qu???c gia trong nh???ng thu???t ng??? v??? l???ch s???, v??n h??a, sinh h???c ?????c nh???t, tr??n t???t c??? l?? c??c ?????ng l???c c???a l??ng trung th??nh, v?? mu???n t???o n??n 1 c???ng ?????ng qu???c gia ???????c huy ?????ng..[1] R???t nhi???u ?????c ??i???m ???????c quy cho ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t b???i nhi???u h???c gi??? kh??c nhau, nh??ng nh???ng y???u t??? sau th?????ng ???????c xem nh?? c???u th??nh: ch??? ngh??a d??n t???c h???p h??i, ch??? ngh??a t?? b???n, ch??? ngh??a ?????c t??i qu??n s???, ch??? ngh??a qu??n phi???t, ch??? ngh??a ch???ng c???ng, ch??? ngh??a h???p t??c, ch??? ngh??a to??n tr???, ch??? ngh??a chuy??n ch???[2], ch???ng l???i ch??? ngh??a t??? do v?? ch??? ngh??a c???ng s???n. C?? r???t nhi???u tranh c??i gi???a c??c h???c gi??? v??? b???n ch???t c???a ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t v?? nh???ng lo???i phong tr??o ch??nh tr??? v?? nh???ng ch??nh ph??? m?? c?? th??? b??? g???i l?? ph??t x??t. Tr??n th???c t??? ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t ??? ??, n??i kh???i ?????u c???a n??, kh??c v???i ??? ?????c, hay "ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t" ??? Nh???t, ??? T??y Ban Nha, v?? m???t s??? n??i kh??c, v?? c??ng nh?? c??c phong tr??o ph??t x??t m???i ph??t tri???n ??? ch??u ??u hi???n nay, xem x??t c??c kh??a c???nh kinh t???, th??? thu???t gi??nh ch??nh quy???n, c????ng l??nh, t?? t?????ng, m?? h??nh nh?? n?????c,... nh??ng c?? ??i???m chung l?? g???n v???i tinh th???n d??n t???c.
Ngo??i c??c ?????c ??i???m chung c???a ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t nh?? ?????c t??i, chuy??n ch???, ph???n d??n ch???, x??m l?????c, d?? man t??n b???o, ph??t x??t ?????c c?? m???t ??i???m ?????c ????o l?? t??n s??t nh???m ti??u di???t nh???ng ng?????i ch??ng cho l?? ???h??? ?????ng??? d?? h??? kh??ng ph???i l?? ?????i t?????ng chi???n tranh. H??nh vi n??i tr??n xu???t ph??t t??? quan ??i???m ch???ng t???c b???nh ho???n c???c ??oan ??ch k??? c???a Hitler: coi ch???ng t???c German l?? th?????ng ?????ng (ch??ng t??? l???y t??n l?? ng?????i Aryan), c??c d??n t???c Do Th??i, Gypsy, Slav?? l?? h??? ?????ng, c???n gi???t h???t ????? l???y kh??ng gian cho ch??ng sinh t???n. Ph??t x??t Nh???t c??ng c?? quan ??i???m cho d??n t???c Nh???t l?? d??ng d??i th???n th??nh, c???n th???ng tr??? to??n ch??u ?? ????? x??y d???ng ????????i ????ng ????? ngang ng???a v???i ??u, M???; nh??ng ch??a t???i m???c b???nh ho???n nh?? Hitler.
N??m 1933, Hitler ch??? th??? ph???i th??? ti??u nh???ng ng?????i b???m sinh t??n t???t ho???c ?????n ?????n (kh??ng ph???i Do Th??i). Kho???ng 5000 tr??? em lo???i n??y ???? b??? ti??m thu???c ?????c ch???t. N??m 1939, h???n l???p 6 ???Trung t??m T-4???, d??ng kh?? CO (carbon monoxide) gi???t m???i ?????t 20-30 ng?????i thi???u n??ng tr?? tu??? ho???c t??m th???n, r???i ?????t x??c phi tang. Gia ????nh h??? nh???n ???????c b??nh tro h??i c???t v?? th?? chia bu???n n??i ch???t l?? do vi??m ph???i, ph???i ?????t x??c ????? tr??nh truy???n nhi???m. V??? sau, do b??? l???, c??c ?????i di???n t??n gi??o l??n ti???ng ph???n ?????i. Hitler ph???i ng???ng vi???c n??y (8/1941) khi h??n 70 ngh??n n???n nh??n ???? ch???t, nh??ng v???n th??? ti??u ti???p v??i ngh??n t?? ch??nh tr???, t?? h??nh s??? v?? ng?????i Do Th??i theo c??ch c??? ?? k???t lu???n h??? b??? t??m th???n.
Ng?????i Do Th??i di c?? ?????n ?????c t??? th??? k??? I; ?????u th??? k??? XX h??? c?? h??n n???a tri???u ng?????i ??? ?????c, chi???m 1% s??? d??n. Th???a x??a, t??n ????? ?????o Ki T?? ??? ch??u ??u gh??t ng?????i Do Th??i v?? cho r???ng h??? g??y ra c??i ch???t c???a Jesus. Cu???i th??? k??? XIX, xu???t hi???n m???t ???l?? thuy???t sinh h???c??? nh???n ?????nh Do Th??i l?? m???t ch???ng ng?????i kh??c th?????ng, c?? b???n t??nh ?????c ??c di truy???n. N?????c Nga Sa Ho??ng gi???t h???i h??ng ngh??n ng?????i Do Th??i v???i l?? do ???y. Nhi???u ng?????i Do Th??i ch???y sang ?????c, n??i h??? coi l?? qu???c gia v??n minh nh???t. Nh??ng h??? ???? nh???m, v?? sau n??y n??i ????y xu???t hi???n Hitler.
Hitler cho ng?????i Do Th??i l?? lo???i qu??i v???t b?? hi???m qu??? quy???t, chuy??n ?????ng sau gi???t d??y, g??y ra t???t c??? c??c t???i ??c, t??? ch??? ngh??a t?? b???n cho ?????n n???n m???i d??m. H???n d??ng lu???t ph??p ?????nh t???i h??? v?? ????nh h??? v??? kinh t???. T??? n??m 1931, c??c ?????i Xung k??ch Nazi ???? ?????p ph?? khu ng?????i Do Th??i v?? c??c ng??i m??? c???a h???, c??ng nh?? ng??n ng?????i ?????c t???i mua h??ng ??? c??c c???a hi???u Do Th??i. N??m 1933, Hitler k?? c??c ?????o lu???t c???m ng?????i Do Th??i l??m c??ng vi???c v??n th??, lu???t ph??p, y t???, n??ng nghi???p, ??m nh???c, k???ch n??i, ??i???n ???nh, c???m ph???c v??? trong qu??n ?????i v.v.. Giai ??o???n 1933-1939 ???? ban h??nh h??n 400 ?????o lu???t ch???ng Do Th??i. N??m 1935, Qu???c H???i th??ng qua Lu???t Ch???ng t???c Nuremberg, ho??n to??n lo???i tr??? ng?????i Do Th??i ra kh???i ?????i s???ng x?? h???i. N??m 1937, Goering th???c thi ???Aryan ho?? n???n kinh t??????, ngh??a l?? t???ch thu c??c x?? nghi???p c???a ng?????i Do Th??i. Kho???ng 80% c??c x?? nghi???p n??y ???? chuy???n v??o tay ng?????i ?????c.
T??? 1934, ?????c b???t ?????u xua ??u???i ng?????i Do Th??i. H??ng n??m c?? 8000 ng?????i Do Th??i b??? ????a ?????n Palestine thu???c Anh ??? n??i ???????c Anh h???a l???p ri??ng m???t nh?? n?????c Do Th??i. V??? sau c??c n?????c kh??c kh??ng nh???n n???a, v?? h??? c??ng b??i Do Th??i v?? v?? ???? nh???n qu?? nhi???u; nh?? Ba Lan ch??? trong 20 n??m ???? c?? 400 ngh??n ng?????i Do Th??i ?????n. M???, Anh, Ph??p c?? truy???n th???ng nh???n ng?????i t??? n???n, nay c??ng h???n ch??? nh???n. Vi???c xua ??u???i gi???t h???i ng?????i Do Th??i ch??? ch???m l???i trong th???i gian ?????c t??? ch???c Th??? v???n h???i Olympic 1936; sau ???? l???i ?????y m???nh. Trong ???????m Kinh ho??ng??? 9/11/1938, c??c ?????i Xung k??ch ????nh gi???t, c?????p b??c, ?????p ph??, ?????t ch??y nhi???u c???a hi???u, ?????n th???, nh?? ??? c???a ng?????i Do Th??i ??? Munich. ?????u n??m 1939, Hitler tuy??n b???: ???Ch???ng t???c Do Th??i ??? ch??u ??u s??? b??? hu??? di???t.??? L???c l?????ng SS b???t ng?????i Do Th??i ????a v??? tr???i t???p trung Dachau g???n Munich ????? gi???t d???n h???. Sau khi chi???m Ba Lan, n??i c?? 3,3 tri???u ng?????i Do Th??i, ph??t x??t ?????c b???t ?????u t??ng t???c ????? t??n s??t. ????? gi???u d??n ?????c bi???t vi???c n??y, t??? cu???i 1939, ph??t x??t ?????c ch??? ng?????i Do Th??i v?? ng?????i Gypsy (??? Vi???t Nam quen g???i l?? ng?????i Di-gan, m???t ch???ng t???c g???c Indo-Aryan, n??m 1979 ???????c Li??n H???p Qu???c c??ng nh???n l?? m???t d??n t???c) ??? ch??u ??u v??o c??c tr???i t???p trung ??? Ba Lan.
Cu???c t???n c??ng v??o Li??n X?? ??? n??i c?? 5 tri???u ng?????i Do Th??i ??? ????nh d???u b?????c ngo???t trong ch??nh s??ch ch???ng Do Th??i. Hitler hu???n th??? cho c??c ch??? huy qu??n ?????i: Do Th??i v?? B??n-s??-vich, gi???i tr?? th???c v?? H???ng qu??n Nga ?????u l?? k??? ?????ch ph???i ti??u di???t. L???c l?????ng SS tr??? th??nh ?????i qu??n h??nh quy???t chuy??n nghi???p. Khi ti???n v??o Li??n X??, ch??ng c??? th???y ng?????i Do Th??i l?? b???n ngay. T???i 3 n?????c v??ng Ban-t??ch, ch??ng ph???i h???p v???i c???nh s??t ?????a ph????ng (v???n gh??t Do Th??i) l??m vi???c n??y. Trong 5 tu???n ?????u v??o ?????t Li??n X??, s??? ng?????i Do Th??i b??? ch??ng gi???t nhi???u h??n t???ng s??? ???? gi???t t??? tr?????c ?????n l??c ????. Ng??y 1/8/1941, Heydrich b??o c??o Himmler: ???C?? th??? tin ch???c l?? tr??n m???nh ?????t mi???n ????ng n??y s??? kh??ng c??n ng?????i Do Th??i n???a.??? Sau ???? Himmler ?????n t???n Minsk ????? xem ???bi???u di???n??? c???nh h??nh quy???t: h??ng tr??m ng?????i Do Th??i n???m ??p m???t d?????i r??nh ????o, l??nh SS b???n v??o t???ng ng?????i. Himmler s??? t??i m???t su??t ng??, th??? nh??ng sau ???? h???n hu???n th???: m???i ng?????i c???n thi h??nh ch???c tr??ch lu???t ph??p c???a m??nh; ????? t??? b???o v???, lo??i ng?????i c???n x??c ?????nh k??? n??o l?? c?? h???i, v?? ???? c?? h???i th?? ph???i ti??u di???t s???ch. Khi chi???m Kiev (9/1941), l??nh SS g???i to??n b??? ng?????i Do Th??i t???p trung v??o ngh??a trang r???i x??? s??ng b???n; trong 2 ng??y, ch??ng gi???t ch???t 33.771 ng?????i. V??? sau, Himmler ra l???nh ph???i t??m c??ch gi???t sao ????? ???????? h??nh h??? h??? v??? tinh th???n???. ???S??ng ki???n??? ?????u ti??n l?? d??ng c??c xe t???i b???c k??n, m???i xe ch???a kho???ng 50 ng?????i r???i b??m kh?? CO v??o cho h??? ch???t ng???t. ?????u 1942, khi ???? gi???t h??n 1 tri???u ng?????i ???h??? ?????ng???, Goering ra l???nh t??ng t???c ????? gi???t h??? v???i m???c ????ch di???t ch???ng. Ch??ng x??y d???ng ??? ????ng ??u 3 trung t??m gi???t ng?????i l?? c??c tr???i t???p trung Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor. ???D??y chuy???n c??ng ngh?????? m???i l??: d??ng xe l???a ch??? ng?????i ?????n tr???i, l???t h???t qu???n ??o, ????a v??o ph??ng k??n m???i ph??ng 400 ng?????i r???i b??m kh?? CO v??o, x??c ??em ?????t ho???c ch??n. Trung b??nh n???n nh??n ?????n tr???i kh??ng qu?? 3 gi??? l?? b??? gi???t! H??ng ng??y c?? 100 toa xe l???a ch??? ng?????i ?????n, m???i ng??y 3 tr???i n??y ???s???n xu???t??? ???????c 25 ngh??n x??c ch???t! T???ng gi?? tr??? s??? ti???n c?????p t??? n???n nh??n l??n t???i 70 tri???u USD. T??c c???a h??? ???????c ch??? v??? ?????c ????? ch??? t???o lo???i v???i ?????c bi???t. Ba tr???i t???p trung tr??n v??? sau b??? ?????c san b???ng ????? phi tang t???i ??c; x??c ch???t ???????c ????o l??n r???i ?????t. Ti???p ????, ch??ng x??y d???ng tr???i t???p trung Auschwitz I, II v?? III, v???a l?? tr???i lao ?????ng v???a l?? c??c nh?? m??y gi???t ng?????i. Th??ng 3/1944, ?????c chi???m Hungary; l??c n??y Li??n X?? ??ang ????nh ??u???i qu??n ?????c ??? ????ng ??u, nh??ng ch??ng v???n k???p ch??? 280 ngh??n ng?????i Do Th??i ??? Hungary ?????n Auschwitz. Khi qu??n ?????i Li??n X?? gi???i ph??ng tr???i n??y (27/1/1945), ch??? c??n 2800 ng?????i s???ng s??t, trong kho c??n h??n 836 ngh??n ??o kho??c v?? v??y ph??? n???, 370 ngh??n ??o kho??c nam v?? 7 t???n t??c c???a ng?????i ???? ch???t.
Hitler c??ng t??n s??t h??ng lo???t ng?????i Gypsy ??? bu???c t???i h??? ph?? ho???i huy???t th???ng ng?????i German. Ch??? nhi???m ???Vi???n nghi??n c???u V??? sinh ch???ng t???c v?? sinh v???t h???c qu???n th?????? l?? b??c s?? Robert Rits ???????c giao nhi???m v??? nghi??n c???u t??m ???ch???ng c??? khoa h???c???. T???t c??? ng?????i Gypsy ?????u ph???i ????ng k?? v???i ch??nh quy???n, r???i ???????c ph??n lo???i theo m???c ????? lai v???i ng?????i ?????c. Cu???i c??ng Rits k???t lu???n: ng?????i Gypsy c?? d??ng m??u ng?????i nguy??n thu???, l??m th??nh m???t giai c???p ????? v?? s???n??? t??? kh??p k??n, c?? khuynh h?????ng ph???m t???i, n??n ????a v??o c??c tr???i t???p trung ????? lao ?????ng, ho???c t???t nh???t th??? ti??u h???. Kho???ng 250-500 ngh??n ng?????i Gypsy ???? ch???t trong c??c tr???i t???p trung.
Th??ng 8/1939, tr?????c khi x??m l?????c Ba Lan, Hitler ra l???nh cho qu??n ?????i ?????c: ???Gi???t h???t b???t c??? ????n ??ng, ????n b??, tr??? con c?? huy???t th???ng Ba Lan ho???c n??i ti???ng Ba Lan; ch??? c?? th??? ch??ng ta m???i gi??nh ???????c kh??ng gian sinh t???n ta c???n???, nh???m l???p m???t ????? ch??? Nazi ??? ????ng ??u, x??y d???ng t???i ????y m???t x?? h???i ???tuy???t ?????i n??ng th??n ho??, thu???n khi???t v??? ?????c t??nh sinh h???c, kh??ng cho ph??p t???n t???i d??n b???n ?????a h??? ?????ng.??? Himmler n??i: ???Ch??ng ta ph???i b???o ?????m ch??? ng?????i ?????c thu???n ch???ng m???i ???????c s???ng ??? mi???n ????ng.??? ????? ????n ??p phong tr??o kh??ng chi???n, ch??ng quy ?????nh: c??? 1 l??nh ?????c b??? gi???t th?? ch??ng s??? gi???t 50-100 ng?????i Ba Lan.
L???c l?????ng SS th??nh l???p ???U??? ban T??ng c?????ng ?????c ho????? (RKFDV) ????? quy ho???ch ?????t ??ai ????ng ??u, th??? ti??u ng?????i Slav?? ??? ???? v?? b??? tr?? ng?????i ?????c ?????n ???. Qu??n ?????c ?????n ????u c??ng ra l???nh cho m???i ng?????i d???n nh?? s???ch
L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha Z??xima c??ng nh?? c??i ch??n ti???n m??? ??? ph????ng ????ng m?? c??? nh??n c?? n??i: "Thi nh?? Th??nh nh??n, Th?????ng thi??n c???u nh??n c??? v?? kh?? nh??n. Th?????ng thi??n c???u v???t c??? v?? kh?? v???t, thi v??? t???p minh" . Ngh??a l??: (Cho n??n Th??nh nh??n, th?????ng kh??o c???u ng?????i, n??n kh??ng c?? ng?????i b??? b???. Th?????ng kh??o c???u v???t n??n kh??ng c?? v???t n??o b??? b???, ???y l?? s??ng b???ng hai) - (4) . ??i h??nh h????ng trong c??i ?????i ?? tr???c, c??i ?????i m?? k??? ??c nhi???u h??n ng?????i thi???n; c??i ?????i ?????y r???y nh???ng h???ng ng?????i nh?? Ivan Fi??????r??vits, Xmer??iak???p, Grusenka, Kh??l?? lac??va..., nh???ng h???ng ng?????i k??m ?????c tin v?? nhi???u h???ng ng?????i v?? th???n coi khinh ?????ng C???u th???. Cha Z??xima th???y t???n m???t, hi???u th???u ch??n t??, k??? t??c n???i ??au tr???n th???, n???i ??au c???a nh???ng k??? l???m l???c, kh??ng c?? ?????c tin. Cha Z??xima bi???t v?? ngh?? r???ng: "Nh???ng k??? kh??ng c?? ?????c tin th?? kh??ng th??? l?? ng?????i l??m vi???c thi???n ???????c.Kh??ng l??m ???????c vi???c thi???n th?? l??m sao c?? l??ng nh??n ??i b??nh th?????ng, ch??a n??i ?????n ph???i c?? l??ng nh??n ??i minh tri???t. Kh??ng c?? ?????c tin, con ng?????i s??? tr??? n??n lo??i th?? ! Cu???c s???ng tr??n h??nh tin n??y s??? ?????m m??u nhi???u h??n n???a". Ch??nh cha Z??xima b???ng vi???c l??m c???a m??nh, b???ng s??? hy sinh v?? t??, b???ng s??? t??? c???i t?? quy ch??nh c???a m??nh, cha Z??xima thuy???t ph???c ???????c con ng?????i k??m ?????c tin ho???c kh??ng c?? ?????c tin. H??y nu??i d?????ng l???y ?????c tin trong l??ng m??nh. N???u kh??ng th?? cu???c s???ng c???a m???i m???t con ng?????i s??? th??c lo???n, m?? cu???c s???ng c???a to??n c???ng ?????ng c??ng th??c lo???n,con ng?????i m???t ph????ng h?????ng. ???? c??ng ch??nh l?? m???t ph???n t??m linh s??u th???m c???a ????xt??iepxki gi???i b??y c??ng h???u th???. ????xt??iepxki h?????ng v??? Ch??a C???u th??? v?? tu vi???n. ?? th???c b???nh ho???n v?? ?? th???c t???i l???i d???n ?????n ????xt??iepxki mong mu???n m???t x?? h???i minh tr??? c?? hai th??? l??: " T??n gi??o v?? Nh?? n?????c Qu??n ch???". Quay v??? v???i ?????ng Christ. ????xt??iepxki t??m ???????c c??i thi???n, ??ng quan ni???m c?? ?????c tin v?? c?? c??i thi???n th?? c?? s???c m???nh t???o ra to??n th??? gi???i. S???c m???nh to??n tr??? ???y ch??? c?? ??? Jesus. H??y g???i ?????c tin v??o Ch??a. " ?????c tin ?????n v???i ch??ng ta kh??ng c??n ??? d?????i ph??p lu???t n???a. B???i ch???ng anh em h???t th???y ?????u l?? con c??i c???a ?????c Ch??a Tr???i do ?????c tin t??m ?????n Christ Jesus (5).
Cha Z??xima l?? hi???n th??n cho m???t con ng?????i Ki t?? gi??o trong s??ng c?? l?? t?????ng, c?? c??ng kh??? luy???n, ?????c ????? hy sinh. Nhi???u ?? ki???n l???p lu???n c???a c??c h???c gi??? cho r???ng ????xt??iepxki d??nh cho Z??xima l?? ng?????i th???y cu???c s???ng l?? kh??ng th??nh c??ng th?? r?? r??ng l?? kh??ng th???t ch??nh x??c v?? kh??ng hi???u h???t ????xt??iepxki. Ch??nh nh??n v???t cha Z??xima l?? m???t ph???n h??nh m???u ????xt??iepxki l???y m??nh l??m nguy??n m???u l?? nh??n v???t ?????t ??? ????? th??nh c??ng cao nh???t , th??nh c??ng m???t c??ch tuy???t h???o theo nh?? ?? nguy???n c???a ????xt??iepxki khi x??y d???ng nh??n v???t n??y. Nh???ng l???i rao gi???ng c???a cha Z??xima kh??ng ph???i nh???ng l???i nh???t nh???o c???a m???t k??? kh??ng t???ng tr???i, kh??ng t???ng kh??? ??au, vinh nh???c trong ?????i tr???n ai... Ch??nh cha Z??xima l?? ng?????i ph??t ng??n cho t?? t?????ng, t??nh c???m, ?? nguy???n, ho??i b??o c???a ????xt??iepxki !
L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha Z?? xi ma nh?? ch??ng ta ???? ph??n t??ch l?? n?? b???t ngu???n t??? trong c???i r??? c???a c???t nh???c. N?? ???????c x??y n??n t??? ?????i s???ng th???c c???a h??ng ngh??n s??? ph???n ??au kh??? kh??c nhau. N?? c?? ni???m tin, n?? kh??ng d??? m???t s???m, m???t chi???u t??n phai ???????c. Vi???c l??m ?????c, vi???c l??m nh??n ??i c???a cha Z??xima ta th???y n?? c?? kh???p m???i n??i, kh???p m???i ng?????i, kh??ng ph??n bi???t c???i ngu???n, c???ng ?????ng d??n t???c. L??ng nh??n ??i, c??i vi???c l??m ?????c ???y ??? ta c??ng c?? nhi???u v??? ch??n tu th???c h??nh. Kh??ng h???n c??c v??? ch??n tu xu???t gia m?? l?? nh???ng ng?????i tu t???i gia c??ng c?? ?? th???c khi l??m vi???c thi???n:
"Ng?????i tr???ng c??y h???nh ng?????i ch??i
Ta tr???ng c??y ?????c ????? ?????i v??? sau" (6)
Ng?????i Vi???t ch??ng ta qu??? l?? c?? ?? th???c trong tu nh??n, t??ch ?????c. Vi???c l??m c???a h??? kh??ng m?? qu??ng. Ch??nh cha Z?? xima c??ng v???y. Cha l??m vi???c thi???n v???i m???t ?? th???c r?? r??ng. Cha Z??xima mu???n con ng?????i ph???i y??u c??i thi???n, kh??ng s??? c??i ??c, di???t tr??? c??i y???u. Mu???n l??m ???????c ??i???u ???y ph???i tr??? v??? v???i Ch??a, ph???i l??m vi???c nh??n ??i, ????? x??a c??i ??c v?? x??y d???ng m???t v????ng qu???c c???a c??i thi???n. Mu???n th??nh c??ng th?? ph???i nh??? Ch??a h??? tr???.
B???ng ?????i th???c c???a m??nh ???? tr???i qua trong cu???c ?????i m?? ?????n v???i Ch??a, cha Z??xima kh??ng ?????i n??o m?? qu??ng khi m??nh l??m m???t vi???c g?? c???u nh??n ????? th??? . Vi???c cha l??m kh??ng c???u danh, c???u l???i cho m??nh m?? l?? m???t vi???c l??m c?? ?? ngh??a h???n hoi. M???t vi???c l??m xu???t ph??t t??? t???m l??ng nh??n h???u c?? m???t kh??ng hai x??y d???ng n??n. Ch??nh ng?????i ch??ng sinh y??u m???n c???a cha Z??xima, m???c d???u ch??a tr???i qua tr?????ng ?????i nh??ng bi???t tin theo Tr?????ng l??o, bi???t Tr?????ng l??o l?? con ng?????i ch??n tu ki???t xu???t ???? tr??? l???i th???ng tr?????c m???t anh m??nh l?? Ivan Fi??????n??vits l?? anh ta tin c?? Ch??a. M???c cho Fi??????n??vits b???ng nh???ng l?? lu???n v???ng ch???c c???a m??nh, b???ng d???n ch???ng h??ng h???n, t???ng c???i l???i cha Z?? xi ma, b??c b??? t???t c??? m???i ni???m tin c?? Ch??a tr??n ?????i. Ch???ng t??? tr?????ng l??o Z?? xi ma uy danh r???t l???n. Uy danh v?? l?? lu???n c???a Z?? xi ma ????? ????? ????nh b???i t?? t????ngr v?? th???n c???a Ivan Fi??????n??vits.
Kh??ng nh???ng ????nh ????? nh???ng th??? l???c v?? th???n kh??c, m?? ngay trong nh???ng ng?????i tu h??nh ?????t ?????n b???c ch??n tu nh?? F??rap??n v???n kh??ng th??? l???n ??t uy danh ?????c ????? v???i cha Z??xima. ??? cha Z??xima, cho ta th???y t?? t?????ng nh??n ?????o ph????ng T??y v?? ph????ng ????ng ?????u g???p nhau t???i m???t ??i???m. ???? l?? l??ng nh??n ??i bao dung, t??nh th????ng qu???ng ?????i, y??u m???n h???t th???y m???i con ng?????i sinh ra tr??n c??i th??? n??y.
C??ng th??i ??i???m n??y ??? ph????ng ????ng c??? th??? l?? ??? Vi???t Nam ta, nh?? danh y n???i ti???ng c???a d??n t???c H???i Th?????ng L??n ??ng L?? H???u Tr??c n??i:
"?????a ??n m??y c??ng tr???i sinh
B???nh c??n c???u ?????ng, thu???c d??nh cho kh??ng"
V??? l??ng nh??n ??i (Y ?????c) H???i Th?????ng L??n ??ng th?????ng n??i: ???Th???y thu???c n???m t??nh m???ng c???a ng?????i b???nh, ng?????i ta g???i t??nh m???ng cho m??nh, ph???i h???t s???c c???n tr???ng, ph???i nghi??n c???u s??ch v??? k??? c??ng, khi ch???a b???nh ph???i c???n th???n, ph???i nh???n r?? ???????c b???nh ch???ng r???i m???i l???p ph????ng, tuy???t ?????i kh??ng ???????c s?? su???t, xem th?????ng. Ngh??? thu???c kh??ng ph???i l?? ngh??? c???u danh tr???c l???i, kh??ng ph???i th???y ng?????i gi??u sang m?? xu ph??? ????? ki???m ti???n, th???y ng?????i ngh??o kh???, c?? ????n m?? khinh mi???t. Ng?????i gi??u sang kh??ng thi???u g?? th???y, thi???u g?? thu???c???. (7). Khi ch???a b???nh cho ng?????i ngh??o kh???, ch???a ???????c b???nh r???i, c??? c??n gi??p ti???n ????? b???i b???. C??? th?????ng n??i: ???L??m ngh??? th???y thu???c kh??ng n??n v??? l???i. Kh??ng n??n c???u b??o ??n. Kh??ng n??n khinh ng?????i ngh??o. ?????i v???i ?????ng nghi???p ph???i khi??m nh?????ng. Ph???i h???c t???p nh???ng ng?????i h??n m??nh. Gi??p ????? ng?????i k??m m??nh. Kh??ng ???????c khinh r??? l???n nhau??? (8). ????y l?? y???u t??? nh??n c??ch c???a ng?????i l??m thu???c v?? ?????o l?? l??m th???y c???a c???. C??? ???? vi???t ra 9 ??i???u Y hu???n c??ch ng??n ????? d???y c??c th??? h??? th???y thu???c ?????i sau m?? ng??y nay, B??? Y t??? ???? l???y l??m y ?????c cho c??c th???y thu???c ????ng y".
Ph???t d???y: Y??u th????ng ph???i t??? bi, h???, x??? -
???? l?? l??ng nh??n ??i, y??u th????ng h???t th???y m???i ch??ng sinh, gi??p nhau qua ho???n n???n, c??ng chung khi c?? ni???m vui, b??? qua m???i th?? h???n kh??ng ????ng c??, c??ng nhau ti???n ?????n ?????i ?????ng.
L??ng nh??n ??i ??? ?????o Gi??o, ?????o Ph???t ?????u c??ng g???p nhau t???i m???t ??i???m. C??ng nh?? cha Fr??l?? (Nh?? th?? ?????c B?? Paris) , cha Z??xima l?? ng?????i th??ng su???t gi??o l?? Kit?? gi??o, ng?????i hi???u ???????c c???i ngu???n ch??n dung thi???n m??? c???a ?????o. S??? tu h??nh, vi???c ham ?????c s??ch, l??ng ham h???c, ham hi???u bi???t c??i d????ng th??? gi??p cho c??c nh?? tu h??nh hi???u bi???t r???ng r??i ??? nhi???u ph????ng di???n tri th???c. Cha Ralph?? (t rong ti???u thuy???t - Nh???ng con chim ???n m??nh ch??? ch???t) c??ng v???y. Cha l?? m???t tr?? th???c l???n. Nh??ng cu???i c??ng cha Fr??l??, cha Ralph?? ?????u b??? l???t m???t n???, h??? ?????u l?? m???t m??? b??ng bong kh??ng c?? m???t ?? ngh??a n??o thuy???t ph???c con ng?????i tr??n ?????i. C??n l???i ch??? c?? cha Z??xima. Cha Z??xima th??? hi???n m???t t???m th???nh t??nh nh??n ??i bao la. N??i theo ng??n ng??? hi???n ?????i l?? l??ng nh??n ??u c?? m???t, hay l?? l??ng nh??n ??i hi???n minh, xu???t ph??t t??? m???t tri th???c r???ng l???n minh tri???t! L??ng nh??n ??i c?? t??? tr??i tim y??u nh??n lo???i c???a m??nh.
Nh?? ???? ph??n t??ch ph???n tr?????c, cu???c ?????i trai tr??? c???a cha Z??xima l?? m???t ph???n ?????i trai tr??? c???a ????xt??iepxki. Qu???ng ?????i qu??n ng?? c???a cha l?? qu???ng ?????i qu??n ng?? c???a ????xt??iepxki. Ph???n ?????i binh nghi???p ???y ???? cho ????xt??iepxki th???y ???????c r?? c??i thi???n, c??i ??c tr??n ?????i n??y... Trong nh???ng ng??y ho???t ?????ng ??? nh??m ch???ng ?????i, ????xt??iepxki c??ng th???y r?? h??n c??i ??c t???n t???i ??? th??? gian. Ch??nh nh??? v???n s???ng trong ph???n ?????i th???c n??y m?? ????x t??iepxki hi???u th??m nh??n th???.Tr??n c??i ?????i n??y, c??i thi???n v?? c??i ??c ?????u song song t???n t???i. N?? c??ng ??i ?????n c??i b???t t???. Kh??ng c?? c??i n??y ti??u di???t ???????c c??i kia. ?????y l?? m???t s??? th???t. Nh??ng ch??ng ta c??ng bi???t r???ng bao gi??? c??i thi???n c??ng nhi???u h??n c??i ??c v?? chi???n th???ng c??i ??c. ???? l?? c??ch nh??n bi???n ch???ng. C??ch nh??n ????ng. T???t nhi??n trong cu???c ?????i, th?? l??c n??y, l??c kh??c, ch??? n??y, ch??? kh??c ,c?? l??c c??i ??c th???ng c??i thi???n, c??i thi???n thua c??i ??c. V???n ????? l?? con ng?????i hay c??c b???c minh tri???t bi???t huy ?????ng con ng?????i tr??? v??? c??i thi???n ????? cho c??i thi???n th???ng th???.. Ch??nh l??c n??y vai tr?? c???a c??c t??n gi??o ch??n ch??nh c?? m???t v??? tr?? l???n lao trong vi???c t???p h???p lo??i ng?????i ??i theo c??i thi???n.
Cha Z??xima hi???u r?? ??i???u n??y. B???ng l?? l??? c???a m??nh, b???ng c??i nh??n th???u th???, cha bi???t r???ng: "K??? n??o kh??ng tin Ch??a th?? c??ng kh??ng tin con d??n c???a Ch??a. Ng?????i n??o tin con d??n c???a Ch??a th?? c??ng s??? th???y Th??nh di???n c???a Ch??a. Ch??? c?? nh??n d??n v?? s???c m???nh tinh th???n sau n??y c???a nh??n d??n m???i l??m cho k??? v?? th???n ???? m???t g???c tr??? l???i ?????o... Kh??ng c?? Ch??a th?? d??n ch??ng di???t vong. B???i v?? nh??n d??n khao kh??t l???i c???a Ch??a".
Vi???c ??i t??m c??i thi???n c???a cha Z??xima th???t ????ng v???i vi???c ??i t??m c??i thi???n c???a nh???ng b???c tu h??nh ph????ng ????ng. Mu???n tr??? ???????c c??i ??c, kh??ng g?? h??n ph???i tr??? v??? v???i c??i thi???n. V????ng Duy l?? b???c thi Ph???t ?????i ???????ng ??? Trung Qu???c ???? t???ng n??i:
"An thi???n ch??? ?????c long" (9)
Ngh??a l?? : " Mu???n tr??? ???????c con r???ng d??? ph???i tr??? v??? ?????o Ph???t v?? th???u hi???u n??". Ta hi???u con r???ng d??? ??? ????y l?? c??i ??c. Ch??? ng??? ???????c c??i ??c th?? th??? gi???i mu??n lo??i y??n b??nh.
Theo T???ng th??:
"Ph???t th??? nh???t: X??ch ??i Ph???t Ph???t th??? nh???t t??n l?? X??ch ??i Ph???t, gi??ng sinh t???i ph????ng Nam, v??? n??y l?? linh minh nh???t trong ch??ng sanh, gi??o h??a ng?????i ?????i, khai ph??t n??i ?????o, th???i ???y l?? th???i k??? h???ng hoang, nh??n h???p v???i Thi??n, v?? tri v?? th???c, t??nh b???n ch?? thi???n, ng?????i v?? th?? ??? chung, ng?????i th?? kh??ng ph??n ra, nh??ng kh??ng x??m ph???m nhau, kh??ng gi???t ch??c l???n nhau, h??a b??nh s???ng chung, kh??ng gi??nh ??n v???i nhau. Trong Kinh Th??nh ???C???u ?????c??? trang th??? nh???t c?? ghi: ???Th???n n??i: Xem ?????y! Ta ???? ??em rau c???i, h???t gi???ng ????? lo???i kh???p n??i v?? tr??i tr??n c??y ????? lo???i mang theo h???t gi???ng, ban cho c??c ng????i l??m th???c ph???m, c??n con th?? ??i tr??n m???t ?????t, con chim bay tr??n kh??ng trung, c??ng c??c lo??i v???t c?? m???ng s???ng b?? tr??n m???t ?????t, Ta ??em c??? xanh ban cho ch??ng l??m th???c ??n, vi???c nh?? v???y l?? ho??n th??nh, cho n??n ng?????i v?? th?? ?????u c?? mi???ng ??n c???a m??nh, kh??ng x??m ph???m l???n nhau???.
Trong ???Tam T??? Kinh??? c?? n??i: ????????o, l????ng, t??c, m???ch, th???, t???c, th??? l???c c???c nh??n s??? th???c. M??, ng??u, d????ng, k??, khuy???n, th???, th???c l???c s??c nh??n s??? t??????, con ch?? gi??? nh?? tr??ng ????m, con g?? b??o th???c s??ng s???m, m???i th??? ?????u c?? c??i cho s??? d???ng, th???t l?? th??? gi???i an h??a l???c l???i ".
Hai lu???ng t?? t?????ng c???a c??i thi???n ??? hai ph????ng ????ng, T??y l???i c??ng g???p nhau ??? m???t ??i???m.
L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha Z?? \xima l?? l??ng nh??n ??i ???????c Ch??a ban cho. Kh??ng ph???i ai c??ng c?? vinh h???nh n??y. Cha Z??xima ???? c?? Kinh Th??nh trong ?????i c???a m??nh. L??ng nh??n ??i c???a cha c??ng b???t ?????u t??? t???m l??ng v??? tha c?? c???i ngu???n t??? thu??? c??n th??. Ch??nh ng?????i c?? tu???i th?? l?? ng?????i gi??u l??ng nh??n ??i h??n ai c???. B???i v?? nh??? nh???ng ??i???u n??y m?? khi tr??? th??nh v??? ch??n tu, cha Z??xima m???i th???u tri???t th??m ch??n l?? :" Kh??ng th??? n??i v??? ?????c h???nh ???????c khi ch??nh ch??ng ta ??i l??m ????? m??u ng?????i". Cha coi t???i l??m ????? m??u ng?????i l?? t???i l???n nh???t tr??n t???t c??? c??c t???i c?? ??? tr???n th???. Kh??ng c?? c??i s??m h???i n??o l???n h??n c??i s??m h???i l??m ????? m??u ng?????i. C??i s??m h???i ???y ngh??n n??m ???? n???ng l??n tr??i tim ng?????i h???i l???i. Kh??ng ai c?? th??? chia s??? s??? ph???n ???y. Cha m??? c??ng kh??ng, anh em b???u b???n c??ng kh??ng, ch???ng v??? c??ng kh??ng. Cu???i c??ng ch??? c?? b???n th??n m??nh, ch??nh m??nh bi???t h???i c???i , bi???t t??? m??nh t???nh ng??? chu???c l???i l???i l???m. Ch??? c?? ??i???u ???? m???i t??m v??? ???????c c??i thi???n, ch??nh ??i???u ???? m???i mong x??a d???n ??i c??i ??c.
Nh???ng b???c ch??n tu v??? ?????i ng??y tr?????c, nh???ng v??? th??nh ng??y tr?????c ???? l??m ???????c ??i???u n??y. ???? l?? nh???ng t???m g????ng cho ?????i sau noi theo.
Phao l?? l?? m???t v??? Th??nh th??? nh???t , th??? hai trong c??c h??ng v??? Th??nh sau ?????c Ch??a Jesus c??ng ???? ??i t??? con ???????ng l???m l???c tr??? v??? con ???????ng l????ng thi???n.Tr?????c m???t vua ??pripba, Phao l?? n??i: "Ch??nh t??i t???ng th???m ngh?? l??m nhi???u ??i???u ????? ch???ng ngh???ch danh Ch??a Ng?????i Xanaret. T??i c??ng ???? l??m nh?? v???y tr???i Gieusalem, ???? nh??n quy???n b??nh c???a c??c th???y t??? l??? v?? b??? t?? nhi???u th??nh ????? v?? l??c h??? b??? gi???t, t??i c??ng b??? th??m ??ng thu???n."
Nh??ng Phao l?? ???? g???p Ch??a. Ch??a ???? x??ng danh: "Ta l?? Jesus m?? ng????i b???t b??? ????y, song h??y ?????ng l??n. Ta s??? gi???i c???u ng?????i kh???i d??n. ????? h?????ng v??? ?????c Ch??a Tr???i h???u cho h??? nh???n ???????c s??? tha t???i ???????c n??n Th??nh b???i c?? ?????c tin v???i ta."(10)
T??m v??? c??i thi???n, t??m v??? Ch??a, ???????c Ch??a c???m h??a, ???????c c??i thi???n d???n d???t, Phao l?? ???? ??i ?????n con ???????ng ch??n tu v?? cu???i c??ng ?????c ?????o.
Th??nh Miguel de Manata c??ng v???y. T??? m???t k??? Don Juande tr??c t??ng l??m thui h???i bao nhi???u ?????i con g??i v?? t???i, Miguel de Manata ???? s??m h???i , t??? b??? t???t c??? ????? tr??? v??? c??i thi???n . C??ng ?????c h???i l???i ???y ???? ???????c h???u th??? soi x??t. Hai tr??m n??m sau khi ch???t, Miguel de Manata ???????c hi???n Th??nh.
Cha Z??xima ??i theo c??c v??? th??nh n??y, noi g????ng h??? v?? nh?? ???? ph??n t??ch l?? cha c??ng ?????c ?????o.
Cha Z??xima khi n??m kh???u s??ng c???a m??nh, kh??ng mu???n l??m ????? m??u ?????ng lo???i, b???ng c??i c???m quan th???u th???. Cha bi???t "d??ng s??ng ????? ????? ra ch??nh quy???n" (11) l?? t??? s??t m??nh v?? t??? s??t nh??n lo???i. K??? nh??n danh t??? do s??? gi???t ch???t t??? do! C??i nhu c???u th???a m??n b???n th??n c???a h??? n???y sinh trong l??ng h??? nhi???u ham mu???n, nhi???u th??i quen v?? ngh??a v?? ngu xu???n, l???m gi??? t?????ng v?? l??. Ng?????i ta s???ng ????? k??? v?? hi???m kh??ch l???n nhau. Ng???a xe, ch???c t?????c, k??? h???u ng?????i h???, danh d??? l??ng tham gi???t ch???t con ng?????i ham quy???n l???c. R???i thay cho r?????u, h??? u???ng m??u ng?????i. Nh???ng k??? ?????u tranh cho nh??n lo???i, gi??nh l???y t??? do ???y l???i r??i v??o v??ng n?? l??? c???a nh???ng th??i quan, ham m???n. ?? t?????ng th???ng nh???t to??n nh??n lo???i c???a k??? ??c, ?? t?????ng ph???c v??? nh??n lo???i c???a h??? ng??y c??ng l???i t???t tr??n th??? gian. Cu???i c??ng t???t c??? l?? t?????ng gi??? v??? ph???c v??? nh??n lo???i ???y chi ??i ph???c v??? cho m???t nh??m ng?????i s???ng bi???t l???p v???i c???ng ?????ng.
Cha Z??xima hi???u con ??????ng tu h??nh c???a minh khi m??nh t??? ch???n l?? con ???????ng d???n ?????n t??? do th???t s???, d???n ?????n c??i thi???n. C?? nh?? th??? m???i c?? l??ng nh??n ??i. L??ng nh??n ??i ph???i sinh ra ??? tr??i tim gi??u l??ng nh??n h???u v?? ??? b??? ??c tr??c vi???t c???a b???c ch??n tu hay ng?????i l??m vi???c thi???n. Cha Z??xima bi???t r???ng ngay t??? th???i c??? x??a, nh???ng nh?? ho???t ?????ng c???a nh??n d??n c??ng t??? nh???ng b???c tu h??nh m?? ra. Hi???n t???i c??ng th??? m?? sau n??y c??ng th???. Cha Z??xima khi tr??? v??? c??i thi???n , cha hi???u c??ng vi???c c???a m??nh, c??ng vi???c ch??n ch??nh c???a v??? ch??n tu Nga. Nh???ng ng?????i ??n chay v?? nh???ng ng?????i khi??m nh?????ng v?? hi???n l??nh ???y s??? ?????ng ra ph???c v??? s??? nghi???p v??? ?????i. Nh??n d??n s??? c???u n?????c Nga. T??? mu??n ?????i tu vi???n Nga ??i v???i nh??n d??n. Cha Z??xima b???ng kh??? n??ng th???u th??? c???a m??nh hay ch??nh ????xt??iepxki b???ng thi??n t??i tr???c b??o c???nh t???nh cho nh??n lo???i bi???t nguy c?? c???a k??? l??m ??i???u ??c. Cha Z??xima th???y ???????c ??? n?????c Nga c???a Cha: "Nh???ng nh?? ho???t ?????ng kh??ng t??nh ng?????ng, kh??ng l??m n??n tr?? tr???ng g?? cho d?? ng?????i ???? c?? t???m l??ng ch??n th??nh v?? tr?? tu??? thi??n t??i. H??y nh??? l???y ??i???u ????. Nh??n d??n s??? ??????ng ?????u v???i ng?????i v?? th???n v?? qu???t ????? k??? ????. N?????c Nga ch??nh gi??o th???ng nh???t s??? xu???t hi???n. H??y b???o v??? nh??n d??n v?? ch??m s??c tr??i tim nh??n d??n b???ng ??n ngh??a. H??y v?? nh??n d??n mang Ch??a trong m??nh."
????xt??iepxki qu??? c?? c??i nh??n th???u th???. B???ng gi??c v?? th???c, ??ng bi???t ?????n c??i ????? v??? t???t y???u c???a nh???ng k??? v?? th???n (hay ????ng h??n nh???ng k??? l??m ??i???u ??c). Sau m???t tr??m n??m th???i gian ???? l?? ng?????i th???y c??ng minh ki???m nghi???m c??i nh??n thi??n t??i c???a ????xt??iepxki. ????ng l?? ????xt??iepxki l?? m???t thi??n t??i - thi??n t??i nh??n ??i. ??ng ???? c???m nh???n tr?????c t???t c??? nh??n lo???i. Th??? k??? sau th??? k??? 19, th??? k??? XX, c??i ??c th???ng th??? ho??nh h??nh l???n ??t c??i thi???n. ??i???n h??nh l?? ch??? ngh??a Ph??t x??t v?? ch??? ngh??a C???ng s???n.
C??i ??c c???a Ch??? ngh??a Ph??t x??t l?? : Ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t l?? m???t h??? t?? t?????ng ch??nh tr??? v?? phong tr??o s??? ????ng m?? mu???n ?????t qu???c gia trong nh???ng thu???t ng??? v??? l???ch s???, v??n h??a, sinh h???c ?????c nh???t, tr??n t???t c??? l?? c??c ?????ng l???c c???a l??ng trung th??nh, v?? mu???n t???o n??n 1 c???ng ?????ng qu???c gia ???????c huy ?????ng..[1] R???t nhi???u ?????c ??i???m ???????c quy cho ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t b???i nhi???u h???c gi??? kh??c nhau, nh??ng nh???ng y???u t??? sau th?????ng ???????c xem nh?? c???u th??nh: ch??? ngh??a d??n t???c h???p h??i, ch??? ngh??a t?? b???n, ch??? ngh??a ?????c t??i qu??n s???, ch??? ngh??a qu??n phi???t, ch??? ngh??a ch???ng c???ng, ch??? ngh??a h???p t??c, ch??? ngh??a to??n tr???, ch??? ngh??a chuy??n ch???[2], ch???ng l???i ch??? ngh??a t??? do v?? ch??? ngh??a c???ng s???n. C?? r???t nhi???u tranh c??i gi???a c??c h???c gi??? v??? b???n ch???t c???a ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t v?? nh???ng lo???i phong tr??o ch??nh tr??? v?? nh???ng ch??nh ph??? m?? c?? th??? b??? g???i l?? ph??t x??t. Tr??n th???c t??? ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t ??? ??, n??i kh???i ?????u c???a n??, kh??c v???i ??? ?????c, hay "ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t" ??? Nh???t, ??? T??y Ban Nha, v?? m???t s??? n??i kh??c, v?? c??ng nh?? c??c phong tr??o ph??t x??t m???i ph??t tri???n ??? ch??u ??u hi???n nay, xem x??t c??c kh??a c???nh kinh t???, th??? thu???t gi??nh ch??nh quy???n, c????ng l??nh, t?? t?????ng, m?? h??nh nh?? n?????c,... nh??ng c?? ??i???m chung l?? g???n v???i tinh th???n d??n t???c.
Ngo??i c??c ?????c ??i???m chung c???a ch??? ngh??a ph??t x??t nh?? ?????c t??i, chuy??n ch???, ph???n d??n ch???, x??m l?????c, d?? man t??n b???o, ph??t x??t ?????c c?? m???t ??i???m ?????c ????o l?? t??n s??t nh???m ti??u di???t nh???ng ng?????i ch??ng cho l?? ???h??? ?????ng??? d?? h??? kh??ng ph???i l?? ?????i t?????ng chi???n tranh. H??nh vi n??i tr??n xu???t ph??t t??? quan ??i???m ch???ng t???c b???nh ho???n c???c ??oan ??ch k??? c???a Hitler: coi ch???ng t???c German l?? th?????ng ?????ng (ch??ng t??? l???y t??n l?? ng?????i Aryan), c??c d??n t???c Do Th??i, Gypsy, Slav?? l?? h??? ?????ng, c???n gi???t h???t ????? l???y kh??ng gian cho ch??ng sinh t???n. Ph??t x??t Nh???t c??ng c?? quan ??i???m cho d??n t???c Nh???t l?? d??ng d??i th???n th??nh, c???n th???ng tr??? to??n ch??u ?? ????? x??y d???ng ????????i ????ng ????? ngang ng???a v???i ??u, M???; nh??ng ch??a t???i m???c b???nh ho???n nh?? Hitler.
N??m 1933, Hitler ch??? th??? ph???i th??? ti??u nh???ng ng?????i b???m sinh t??n t???t ho???c ?????n ?????n (kh??ng ph???i Do Th??i). Kho???ng 5000 tr??? em lo???i n??y ???? b??? ti??m thu???c ?????c ch???t. N??m 1939, h???n l???p 6 ???Trung t??m T-4???, d??ng kh?? CO (carbon monoxide) gi???t m???i ?????t 20-30 ng?????i thi???u n??ng tr?? tu??? ho???c t??m th???n, r???i ?????t x??c phi tang. Gia ????nh h??? nh???n ???????c b??nh tro h??i c???t v?? th?? chia bu???n n??i ch???t l?? do vi??m ph???i, ph???i ?????t x??c ????? tr??nh truy???n nhi???m. V??? sau, do b??? l???, c??c ?????i di???n t??n gi??o l??n ti???ng ph???n ?????i. Hitler ph???i ng???ng vi???c n??y (8/1941) khi h??n 70 ngh??n n???n nh??n ???? ch???t, nh??ng v???n th??? ti??u ti???p v??i ngh??n t?? ch??nh tr???, t?? h??nh s??? v?? ng?????i Do Th??i theo c??ch c??? ?? k???t lu???n h??? b??? t??m th???n.
Ng?????i Do Th??i di c?? ?????n ?????c t??? th??? k??? I; ?????u th??? k??? XX h??? c?? h??n n???a tri???u ng?????i ??? ?????c, chi???m 1% s??? d??n. Th???a x??a, t??n ????? ?????o Ki T?? ??? ch??u ??u gh??t ng?????i Do Th??i v?? cho r???ng h??? g??y ra c??i ch???t c???a Jesus. Cu???i th??? k??? XIX, xu???t hi???n m???t ???l?? thuy???t sinh h???c??? nh???n ?????nh Do Th??i l?? m???t ch???ng ng?????i kh??c th?????ng, c?? b???n t??nh ?????c ??c di truy???n. N?????c Nga Sa Ho??ng gi???t h???i h??ng ngh??n ng?????i Do Th??i v???i l?? do ???y. Nhi???u ng?????i Do Th??i ch???y sang ?????c, n??i h??? coi l?? qu???c gia v??n minh nh???t. Nh??ng h??? ???? nh???m, v?? sau n??y n??i ????y xu???t hi???n Hitler.
Hitler cho ng?????i Do Th??i l?? lo???i qu??i v???t b?? hi???m qu??? quy???t, chuy??n ?????ng sau gi???t d??y, g??y ra t???t c??? c??c t???i ??c, t??? ch??? ngh??a t?? b???n cho ?????n n???n m???i d??m. H???n d??ng lu???t ph??p ?????nh t???i h??? v?? ????nh h??? v??? kinh t???. T??? n??m 1931, c??c ?????i Xung k??ch Nazi ???? ?????p ph?? khu ng?????i Do Th??i v?? c??c ng??i m??? c???a h???, c??ng nh?? ng??n ng?????i ?????c t???i mua h??ng ??? c??c c???a hi???u Do Th??i. N??m 1933, Hitler k?? c??c ?????o lu???t c???m ng?????i Do Th??i l??m c??ng vi???c v??n th??, lu???t ph??p, y t???, n??ng nghi???p, ??m nh???c, k???ch n??i, ??i???n ???nh, c???m ph???c v??? trong qu??n ?????i v.v.. Giai ??o???n 1933-1939 ???? ban h??nh h??n 400 ?????o lu???t ch???ng Do Th??i. N??m 1935, Qu???c H???i th??ng qua Lu???t Ch???ng t???c Nuremberg, ho??n to??n lo???i tr??? ng?????i Do Th??i ra kh???i ?????i s???ng x?? h???i. N??m 1937, Goering th???c thi ???Aryan ho?? n???n kinh t??????, ngh??a l?? t???ch thu c??c x?? nghi???p c???a ng?????i Do Th??i. Kho???ng 80% c??c x?? nghi???p n??y ???? chuy???n v??o tay ng?????i ?????c.
T??? 1934, ?????c b???t ?????u xua ??u???i ng?????i Do Th??i. H??ng n??m c?? 8000 ng?????i Do Th??i b??? ????a ?????n Palestine thu???c Anh ??? n??i ???????c Anh h???a l???p ri??ng m???t nh?? n?????c Do Th??i. V??? sau c??c n?????c kh??c kh??ng nh???n n???a, v?? h??? c??ng b??i Do Th??i v?? v?? ???? nh???n qu?? nhi???u; nh?? Ba Lan ch??? trong 20 n??m ???? c?? 400 ngh??n ng?????i Do Th??i ?????n. M???, Anh, Ph??p c?? truy???n th???ng nh???n ng?????i t??? n???n, nay c??ng h???n ch??? nh???n. Vi???c xua ??u???i gi???t h???i ng?????i Do Th??i ch??? ch???m l???i trong th???i gian ?????c t??? ch???c Th??? v???n h???i Olympic 1936; sau ???? l???i ?????y m???nh. Trong ???????m Kinh ho??ng??? 9/11/1938, c??c ?????i Xung k??ch ????nh gi???t, c?????p b??c, ?????p ph??, ?????t ch??y nhi???u c???a hi???u, ?????n th???, nh?? ??? c???a ng?????i Do Th??i ??? Munich. ?????u n??m 1939, Hitler tuy??n b???: ???Ch???ng t???c Do Th??i ??? ch??u ??u s??? b??? hu??? di???t.??? L???c l?????ng SS b???t ng?????i Do Th??i ????a v??? tr???i t???p trung Dachau g???n Munich ????? gi???t d???n h???. Sau khi chi???m Ba Lan, n??i c?? 3,3 tri???u ng?????i Do Th??i, ph??t x??t ?????c b???t ?????u t??ng t???c ????? t??n s??t. ????? gi???u d??n ?????c bi???t vi???c n??y, t??? cu???i 1939, ph??t x??t ?????c ch??? ng?????i Do Th??i v?? ng?????i Gypsy (??? Vi???t Nam quen g???i l?? ng?????i Di-gan, m???t ch???ng t???c g???c Indo-Aryan, n??m 1979 ???????c Li??n H???p Qu???c c??ng nh???n l?? m???t d??n t???c) ??? ch??u ??u v??o c??c tr???i t???p trung ??? Ba Lan.
Cu???c t???n c??ng v??o Li??n X?? ??? n??i c?? 5 tri???u ng?????i Do Th??i ??? ????nh d???u b?????c ngo???t trong ch??nh s??ch ch???ng Do Th??i. Hitler hu???n th??? cho c??c ch??? huy qu??n ?????i: Do Th??i v?? B??n-s??-vich, gi???i tr?? th???c v?? H???ng qu??n Nga ?????u l?? k??? ?????ch ph???i ti??u di???t. L???c l?????ng SS tr??? th??nh ?????i qu??n h??nh quy???t chuy??n nghi???p. Khi ti???n v??o Li??n X??, ch??ng c??? th???y ng?????i Do Th??i l?? b???n ngay. T???i 3 n?????c v??ng Ban-t??ch, ch??ng ph???i h???p v???i c???nh s??t ?????a ph????ng (v???n gh??t Do Th??i) l??m vi???c n??y. Trong 5 tu???n ?????u v??o ?????t Li??n X??, s??? ng?????i Do Th??i b??? ch??ng gi???t nhi???u h??n t???ng s??? ???? gi???t t??? tr?????c ?????n l??c ????. Ng??y 1/8/1941, Heydrich b??o c??o Himmler: ???C?? th??? tin ch???c l?? tr??n m???nh ?????t mi???n ????ng n??y s??? kh??ng c??n ng?????i Do Th??i n???a.??? Sau ???? Himmler ?????n t???n Minsk ????? xem ???bi???u di???n??? c???nh h??nh quy???t: h??ng tr??m ng?????i Do Th??i n???m ??p m???t d?????i r??nh ????o, l??nh SS b???n v??o t???ng ng?????i. Himmler s??? t??i m???t su??t ng??, th??? nh??ng sau ???? h???n hu???n th???: m???i ng?????i c???n thi h??nh ch???c tr??ch lu???t ph??p c???a m??nh; ????? t??? b???o v???, lo??i ng?????i c???n x??c ?????nh k??? n??o l?? c?? h???i, v?? ???? c?? h???i th?? ph???i ti??u di???t s???ch. Khi chi???m Kiev (9/1941), l??nh SS g???i to??n b??? ng?????i Do Th??i t???p trung v??o ngh??a trang r???i x??? s??ng b???n; trong 2 ng??y, ch??ng gi???t ch???t 33.771 ng?????i. V??? sau, Himmler ra l???nh ph???i t??m c??ch gi???t sao ????? ???????? h??nh h??? h??? v??? tinh th???n???. ???S??ng ki???n??? ?????u ti??n l?? d??ng c??c xe t???i b???c k??n, m???i xe ch???a kho???ng 50 ng?????i r???i b??m kh?? CO v??o cho h??? ch???t ng???t. ?????u 1942, khi ???? gi???t h??n 1 tri???u ng?????i ???h??? ?????ng???, Goering ra l???nh t??ng t???c ????? gi???t h??? v???i m???c ????ch di???t ch???ng. Ch??ng x??y d???ng ??? ????ng ??u 3 trung t??m gi???t ng?????i l?? c??c tr???i t???p trung Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor. ???D??y chuy???n c??ng ngh?????? m???i l??: d??ng xe l???a ch??? ng?????i ?????n tr???i, l???t h???t qu???n ??o, ????a v??o ph??ng k??n m???i ph??ng 400 ng?????i r???i b??m kh?? CO v??o, x??c ??em ?????t ho???c ch??n. Trung b??nh n???n nh??n ?????n tr???i kh??ng qu?? 3 gi??? l?? b??? gi???t! H??ng ng??y c?? 100 toa xe l???a ch??? ng?????i ?????n, m???i ng??y 3 tr???i n??y ???s???n xu???t??? ???????c 25 ngh??n x??c ch???t! T???ng gi?? tr??? s??? ti???n c?????p t??? n???n nh??n l??n t???i 70 tri???u USD. T??c c???a h??? ???????c ch??? v??? ?????c ????? ch??? t???o lo???i v???i ?????c bi???t. Ba tr???i t???p trung tr??n v??? sau b??? ?????c san b???ng ????? phi tang t???i ??c; x??c ch???t ???????c ????o l??n r???i ?????t. Ti???p ????, ch??ng x??y d???ng tr???i t???p trung Auschwitz I, II v?? III, v???a l?? tr???i lao ?????ng v???a l?? c??c nh?? m??y gi???t ng?????i. Th??ng 3/1944, ?????c chi???m Hungary; l??c n??y Li??n X?? ??ang ????nh ??u???i qu??n ?????c ??? ????ng ??u, nh??ng ch??ng v???n k???p ch??? 280 ngh??n ng?????i Do Th??i ??? Hungary ?????n Auschwitz. Khi qu??n ?????i Li??n X?? gi???i ph??ng tr???i n??y (27/1/1945), ch??? c??n 2800 ng?????i s???ng s??t, trong kho c??n h??n 836 ngh??n ??o kho??c v?? v??y ph??? n???, 370 ngh??n ??o kho??c nam v?? 7 t???n t??c c???a ng?????i ???? ch???t.
Hitler c??ng t??n s??t h??ng lo???t ng?????i Gypsy ??? bu???c t???i h??? ph?? ho???i huy???t th???ng ng?????i German. Ch??? nhi???m ???Vi???n nghi??n c???u V??? sinh ch???ng t???c v?? sinh v???t h???c qu???n th?????? l?? b??c s?? Robert Rits ???????c giao nhi???m v??? nghi??n c???u t??m ???ch???ng c??? khoa h???c???. T???t c??? ng?????i Gypsy ?????u ph???i ????ng k?? v???i ch??nh quy???n, r???i ???????c ph??n lo???i theo m???c ????? lai v???i ng?????i ?????c. Cu???i c??ng Rits k???t lu???n: ng?????i Gypsy c?? d??ng m??u ng?????i nguy??n thu???, l??m th??nh m???t giai c???p ????? v?? s???n??? t??? kh??p k??n, c?? khuynh h?????ng ph???m t???i, n??n ????a v??o c??c tr???i t???p trung ????? lao ?????ng, ho???c t???t nh???t th??? ti??u h???. Kho???ng 250-500 ngh??n ng?????i Gypsy ???? ch???t trong c??c tr???i t???p trung.
Th??ng 8/1939, tr?????c khi x??m l?????c Ba Lan, Hitler ra l???nh cho qu??n ?????i ?????c: ???Gi???t h???t b???t c??? ????n ??ng, ????n b??, tr??? con c?? huy???t th???ng Ba Lan ho???c n??i ti???ng Ba Lan; ch??? c?? th??? ch??ng ta m???i gi??nh ???????c kh??ng gian sinh t???n ta c???n???, nh???m l???p m???t ????? ch??? Nazi ??? ????ng ??u, x??y d???ng t???i ????y m???t x?? h???i ???tuy???t ?????i n??ng th??n ho??, thu???n khi???t v??? ?????c t??nh sinh h???c, kh??ng cho ph??p t???n t???i d??n b???n ?????a h??? ?????ng.??? Himmler n??i: ???Ch??ng ta ph???i b???o ?????m ch??? ng?????i ?????c thu???n ch???ng m???i ???????c s???ng ??? mi???n ????ng.??? ????? ????n ??p phong tr??o kh??ng chi???n, ch??ng quy ?????nh: c??? 1 l??nh ?????c b??? gi???t th?? ch??ng s??? gi???t 50-100 ng?????i Ba Lan.
L???c l?????ng SS th??nh l???p ???U??? ban T??ng c?????ng ?????c ho????? (RKFDV) ????? quy ho???ch ?????t ??ai ????ng ??u, th??? ti??u ng?????i Slav?? ??? ???? v?? b??? tr?? ng?????i ?????c ?????n ???. Qu??n ?????c ?????n ????u c??ng ra l???nh cho m???i ng?????i d???n nh?? s???ch
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